Structure & Function of Mitochondria (CIE A Level Biology)

• Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles 0.5 - 1.0 µm in diameter
• They are the site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells
• The function of mitochondria is to synthesise ATP
• Synthesis of ATP in the mitochondria occurs during the last stage of respiration called oxidative phosphorylation
  • This relies on membrane proteins that make up the ‘electron transport chain’ and the ATP synthase enzyme – the details of this are covered later in the notes

Mitochondrion Structure Diagram

The structure of a mitochondrion

Structure

• Mitochondria have two phospholipid membranes, an outer and an inner membrane
• The outer membrane is:
  • Smooth
  • Permeable to several small molecules

• The inner membrane is:
  • Folded (cristae)
  • Less permeable
  • The site of the electron transport chain (used in oxidative phosphorylation)
  • Location of ATP synthase (used in oxidative phosphorylation)

• The intermembrane space:
  • Has a low pH due to the high concentration of protons
  • The concentration gradient across the inner membrane is formed during oxidative phosphorylation and is essential for ATP synthesis

• The matrix:
  • Is an aqueous solution within the inner membranes of the mitochondrion
  • Contains ribosomes, enzymes and circular mitochondrial DNA necessary for mitochondria to function

Electron Micrograph of a Mitochondrion

Electron micrograph of mitochondria

ATP Synthase on Cristae Electron Micrograph

Electron micrograph of cristae and ATP synthase

Relationship between structure & function

• The structure of mitochondria makes them well-adapted to their function
• They have a large surface area due to the presence of cristae (inner folds) which enables the membrane to hold many electron transport chain proteins and ATP synthase enzymes
• More active cell types can have larger mitochondria with longer and more tightly-packed cristae to enable the synthesis of more ATP because they have a larger surface area
• The number of mitochondria in each cell can vary depending on cell activity
  • Muscle cells are more active and have more mitochondria per cell than fat cells due to the differing levels of metabolic activity in those cell types
  • And the resulting different levels of demand for ATP in those cells