Tropical Monsoon Climate
Characteristics and Distribution
- The tropical monsoon climate is characterised by a distinct hot, wet (monsoon) season and a cooler dry season
- Temperature can average 30°C in the monsoon season and humidity is also very high
- Average rainfall is around 2000mm for the season (south-east UK receives just over 600mm per year)
- Cyclones (tropical storms) are frequent towards the end of the rainy season
- Determined by the annual movement of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) between the Tropics and associated movement of pressure belts and the seasonal reversal of winds associated with this.
- In south-east Asia, between May and October the ITCZ brings the strongest sun over the continental landmass, heating the land and causing large masses of air to rise in low pressure zones.
- Moist, warm air from the Indian Ocean to the south-west gets sucked in to replace the rising air over the continent and this brings heavy monsoon rainfall
- In November the ITCZ moves south and the process reverses so that cooler, drier air moves from the continent back towards the Indian Ocean
- Occurs mainly on the eastern side of continents in the Tropics from about 5-20°N and S of the Equator
Distribution of Monsoon Rains
Human Activities and Numbers
- Agriculture in monsoon regions relies heavily on the warm wet conditions and this can produce high yields and support large populations
- More than 4 billion people live in the Asian countries that are visited by summer monsoon winds
- Many areas in these countries do not have large irrigation systems but the summer monsoon rainfall fills aquiders and other groundwater stores for the rest of the year
- Rice and tea are some crops that rely on the summer monsoon
- Dairy farms, which help make India the largest milk producer in the world, also depend on the monsoon rains to feed the cows
- Industry and energy supplies are fed by the monsoon climate system
- In India and Southeast Asia a large amount of electricity in the region is produced by hydroelectric power plants, which are driven by water collected during the monsoons.
- This electricity helps to power hospitals, schools, and industry and is as vital to the local economy as the crops the rain helps to grow