Alternatives to Fossil Fuels (Edexcel A Level Geography)

Alternatives to Fossil Fuels

• In order to reduce carbon emissions and to decouple fossil fuels from economic growth, the world must look to increase its use of alternative sources of ‘clean’ energy
• Alternative sources of ‘clean’ energy can be categorised into:
• Renewable sources such as hydro, wind, solar, geothermal and tidal energy
• Recyclable sources such as nuclear power and biofuels

Renewable Energy

• Currently, the main sources of renewable energy are hydro, wind, solar (mainly via photovoltaic cells), geothermal and tidal
• The contributions of renewable energy sources to the energy mix vary from country to country

Energy Consumption per capita, 2021

• The physical geography of a country will determine whether they have renewable energies to exploit
• Not all countries will have coasts or ‘hot rocks’ heated by magma for use in geothermal energy
• Not all countries have warm climate with long sunshine hours
• Not all countries have permanently flowing rivers or strong winds
•  Whilst, it is often claimed that renewable sources are the answer to our global energy challenge however, there are some factors to consider

Evaluation of Renewable Energy

Benefits of Renewable Energy

Challenges of Renewable Energy

Renewable energy will not run out and provides many environmental benefits e.g., reduction in greenhouse gases Will save money in the long term as operation and maintenance costs are lower Reduces a country’s reliance on importing energy sources from abroad Creates employment e.g., in the USA, the renewable energy sector employs three times the amount of people that the fossil fuel sector

Few countries where renewables will be able to replace fossil fuels completely due to the intermittency of renewable energy and limitations associated with the physical geography of the country As a result of oil prices falling during 2015, renewable energy became less attractive due to its higher costs Can have negative impacts on the environment e.g., flooding more valleys for HEP dams Many people will protest when there is a proposal made for a wind or solar farm close to their home

Recyclable Energy

• Countries with high levels of energy consumption will often have no choice but to consider nuclear energy to generate electricity (with low carbon emissions)
• An additional benefit to this is that nuclear waste can be reprocessed and reused making it recyclable
• However, there are issues associated with using nuclear energy:
• Safety - nuclear incidents such as Chernobyl (Ukraine) and Fukushima (Japan)
• Disposal of highly toxic radioactive waste (which has a long decay life) 
• Technology used means that nuclear energy is only really open to the most developed countries
• Costs - despite operational costs being relatively low, the cost of building and decommissioning are high
• Security of nuclear powered stations at a time when international terrorism is a concern  

Biofuels

• Biofuels are derived immediately from living matter, such as agricultural crops, forestry or fishing products and various forms of waste
• There are two types of biofuels:
  • Primary biofuels which include fuelwood, wood chips and pellets that are used unprocessed for heating, cooking or electricity
  • Secondary biofuels are derived from the processing of crops (e.g., sugar cane, soybeans and maize) where two type of fuel are extracted (bio-alcohol and biodiesel) which are used to fuel vehicles and generate electricity
• More attention is now being given to the growing of biofuel crops as a way of reducing the use of fossil fuels
• Biofuel crops that can be used include wheat, maize, grasses, soybeans and sugar cane
• In the UK, the two main crops that are used are oilseed rape and sugar beet
• Most of these biofuels are converted into ethanol or biodiesel and used mostly as vehicle fuel
• Whilst , biofuels can be considered a ‘green’ source of energy, there are disadvantages, for example, the implications this can have on food supply
  • For example, a hectare of space used to grow energy crops is a hectare less for growing much needed food

Biofuels in Brazil

• Brazil began to diversify its energy sources in the 1970s in order to improve its energy security
• Brazil is now the largest producer of sugar cane and has become the leading exporter of sugar and ethanol
• Since 2003, the area used for sugar cane has increased massively and is likely to continue which has led to the displacement of other types of agriculture e.g., cattle pasture

Consequences of Sugar Cane Production in Brazil

Carbon Capture and Storage

• It is accepted that coal will always be part of the global energy mix due to its abundance and its cheap cost
• Carbon capture and storage involves ‘capturing’ the carbon dioxide released and burying it deep underground
• However, carbon capture and storage has significant challenges
• It is expensive because of the advanced technology required
• No one can be sure that the carbon dioxide will stay underground and that it will not leak to the surface and enter the atmosphere

Carbon Capture and Storage

Hydrogen Fuel Cells

• Hydrogen is a chemically simple and abundant element but it does not occur naturally as a gas, it is always combined with other elements e.g., oxygen in water
• Currently, most hydrogen is extracted from other forms of fuel e.g., oil and natural gas
• Hydrogen is high in energy and an engine that burns pure hydrogen produces next to no pollution

A Hydrogen-powered Car

• A fuel cell combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, heat and water
• A fuel cell will provide electricity as long as hydrogen is supplied and it will never lose its charge
• Fuel cells are a promising technology for use as:
  • A source of heat and electricity for buildings
  • A power source for electric vehicles
• Hydrogen fuel cells are considered to be one of the best strategies for reducing carbon emissions that has very little impact on the carbon cycle