State what is meant by an ionic compound.
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State what is meant by an ionic compound.
An ionic compound consists of a giant lattice of positively charged metal ions and negatively charged non-metal ions.
True or False?
Sodium carbonate is soluble.
True.
Sodium carbonate is soluble.
True or False?
Compounds of potassium are soluble.
True.
Compounds of potassium are soluble.
True or False?
Compounds of sodium are insoluble.
False.
Compounds of sodium are soluble.
Define the term insoluble.
Insoluble means the substance is unable to dissolve in a solvent, usually water.
Give three examples of insoluble sulfates.
Three examples of insoluble sulfates are:
barium sulfate
calcium sulfate
lead(II) sulfate
Give the chemical name for limewater.
The chemical name for limewater is calcium hydroxide.
True or False?
All nitrates are insoluble.
False.
All nitrates are soluble.
Give an example of a soluble hydroxide.
Examples of soluble hydroxides include:
sodium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide
calcium hydroxide
True or False?
Silver chloride is soluble.
False.
Silver chloride is insoluble.
True or False?
All ionic compounds are soluble in water.
False.
Not all ionic compounds are soluble in water, some are insoluble.
Define the term acid.
An acid is a proton donor.
What does an acid do in solution?
In solution, an acid ionises, producing protons (H+ ions), making the solution acidic.
Define the term base (alkali).
A base (alkali) is a proton acceptor.
What does a base (alkali) do in solution?
In solution, a base ionises, producing hydroxide ions (OH-) which can accept protons, making the solution alkaline.
True or False?
Acids and bases are involved in proton transfer.
True.
Acids and bases are involved in proton transfer.
What makes an aqueous solution acidic?
An aqueous solution becomes acidic due to the presence of protons (H+ ions) released by acids.
What is the general equation for the reaction of a metal with an acid?
The general equation for the reaction between a metal and acid is:
metal + acid ⟶ salt + hydrogen
True or False?
All metals react with dilute acids.
False.
Only metals above hydrogen in the reactivity series will react with dilute acids.
State the general equation for the reaction of an acid with a base.
The general equation for the reaction between an acid and a base is:
acid + base ⟶ salt + water
Define the term neutralisation.
A neutralisation reaction is a reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water.
True or False?
Effervescence is produced when an acid reacts with a metal oxide or hydroxide.
False.
Effervescence is produced when an acid reacts with a metal carbonate, due to the formation of carbon dioxide gas.
Name the products formed from the reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid.
The products formed from the reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid are sodium chloride and water.
What is the general equation for the reaction of a metal carbonate with an acid?
The general equation for the reaction of a metal carbonate with an acid is:
metal carbonate + acid ⟶ salt + carbon dioxide + water
Write the word equation for the reaction between sodium carbonate and sulfuric acid.
The word equation for the reaction between sodium carbonate and sulfuric acid is:
sodium carbonate + sulfuric acid ⟶ sodium sulfate + water + carbon dioxide
What determines the identity of the salt produced in an acid-base neutralisation reaction?
The identity of the salt produced depends on the acid used and the positive ions in the base.
What substances act as bases in acid-base reactions?
Metal oxides, metal hydroxides and metal carbonates act as bases in acid-base reactions.
What is the difference between a base and an alkali?
A base that is water-soluble is referred to as an alkali. All alkalis are bases, but not all bases are alkalis.
What is the pH range for alkalis?
Alkalis have pH values above 7.
What are the common forms of bases?
Bases are usually oxides, hydroxides, or carbonates of metals.
What happens when ammonia reacts with water?
When ammonia reacts with water, it produces hydroxide ions.
How do basic (alkaline) conditions affect red litmus paper?
In basic (alkaline) conditions, red litmus paper turns blue.
True or False?
Aqueous ammonia and ammonium hydroxide are the same.
True.
Aqueous ammonia and ammonium hydroxide are the same thing.
Which ion is produced in alkaline solutions?
The hydroxide, OH-, ion is produced in alkaline solutions.
How is a soluble salt made?
A soluble salt can be made by the reaction of:
an acid with an insoluble base
an acid with an alkali
Why is the insoluble base added in excess during the preparation of a soluble salt?
The insoluble base is added in excess to ensure that all of the acid has reacted.
What step is taken to remove the excess insoluble base after the reaction?
The excess insoluble base is removed by filtration.
What is left in the solution after the excess base is removed?
After removing the excess base, only the salt and water remain in the solution.
Write the balanced symbol equation for the preparation of copper(II) sulfate from copper(II) oxide.
The balanced symbol equation is:
CuO (s) + H2SO4 (aq) ⟶ CuSO4 (s) + H2O (l)
Define the term insoluble base.
An insoluble base is a base that does not dissolve in water.
How are crystals produced from a salt solution?
The solution is heated gently and then left to cool.
Name the method used to prepare a soluble salt from an acid and alkali.
The method used to prepare a soluble salt from an acid and alkali is titration.
Name the piece of equipment which could be used to measure a fixed volume of acid when preparing a soluble salt.
The piece of equipment which could be used to measure a fixed volume of acid is a pipette.
Give the colour of phenolphthalein in acids and alkalis.
Phenolphthalein is colourless in acids and pink in alkalis.
What is an insoluble salt?
An insoluble salt is a salt that does not dissolve in water or other solvents.
True or False?
Insoluble salts can be prepared using a precipitation reaction.
True.
Insoluble salts can be prepared using a precipitation reaction.
Define precipitation reaction.
A precipitation reaction is a reaction where an insoluble solid (precipitate) is formed from two soluble reactants
What is meant by a precipitate?
A precipitate is an insoluble solid that is formed from a reaction between two soluble reactants.
What does the method for preparing an insoluble salt involve?
The method for preparing an insoluble salt involves measuring out a fixed volume of one solution and then adding the second salt solution until it is in a slight excess, to ensure the maximum amount of precipitate will be obtained.
True or False?
The precipitate is recovered by evaporation.
False.
The precipitate is recovered by filtration and then it must be washed with distilled water to remove reactants that are contaminating the residue (recovered solid).
Give an example of an insoluble salt often made by precipitation.
Examples of salts made by precipitation include silver and lead(II) salts e.g. lead(II) iodide, silver chloride.