1. Cell Structure

The Microscope in Cell Studies

The Microscope in Cell Studies

Magnification Calculations

Eyepiece Graticules & Stage Micrometers

Resolution & Magnification

Calculating Actual Size

Cells as the Basic Units of Living Organisms

Eukaryotic Cell Structures & Functions

Animal & Plant Cells

The Vital Role of ATP

Prokaryotic v Eukaryotic Cells

Viruses

2. Biological Molecules

Testing for Biological Molecules

Biological Molecule Tests

The Benedict's Test

Testing for Non-Reducing Sugars

Carbohydrates & Lipids

Biological Molecules: Key Terms

Covalent Bonds in Polymers

Reducing & Non-Reducing Sugars

The Glycosidic Bond

Starch & Glycogen

Cellulose

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

Proteins

Amino Acids & the Peptide Bond

The Four Levels of Protein Structure

Protein Shape

Globular & Fibrous Proteins

Haemoglobin

Collagen

Water

The Role of Water in Living Organisms

Water & the Hydrogen Bond

3. Enzymes

Mode of Action of Enzymes

Enzymes

Enzyme Action

How Enzymes Work

Measuring Enzyme Activity

Colorimetry

Factors that Affect Enzyme Action

Rate: Temperature

Rate: pH

Rate: Enzyme Concentration

Rate: Substrate Concentration

Rate: Inhibitor Concentration

Vmax & the Michaelis-Menten Constant

Enzyme Inhibitors

Enzyme Activity: Immobilised v Free

4. Cell Membranes & Transport

Fluid Mosaic Membranes

The Fluid Mosaic Model

Components of Cell Surface Membranes

The Cell Surface Membrane

Cell Signalling

Movement into & out of Cells

Diffusion

Osmosis

Active Transport

Endocytosis & Exocytosis

Investigating Transport Processes in Plants

Investigating Diffusion

Surface Area to Volume Ratios

Investigating Surface Area

Estimating Water Potential in Plants

Osmosis in Plant Cells

Osmosis in Animals

Comparing Osmosis in Plants & Animals

5. The Mitotic Cell Cycle

Replication & Division of Nuclei & Cells

Chromosome Structure

Mitosis

The Cell Cycle

The Role of Telomeres

The Role of Stem Cells

How Tumours Form

Chromosome Behaviour in Mitosis

The Stages of Mitosis

Observing Mitosis

6. Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis

Structure of Nucleic Acids & Replication of DNA

Nucleotides

The Structure of DNA

Semi-Conservative DNA Replication

The Structure of RNA

Protein Synthesis

From Gene to Polypeptide

The Universal Genetic Code

Constructing Polypeptides

Transcription

Gene Mutations

7. Transport in Plants

Structure of Transport Tissues

Plant Transverse Sections

Xylem & Phloem Distribution

Xylem Vessels Elements

Phloem Sieve Tube Elements

Transport Mechanisms

Water & Mineral Ion Transport in Plants

Transpiration in Plants

Water & the Transpiration Pull

Xerophytic Plant Leaf Adaptations

Movement in the Phloem

The Sucrose Loading Mechanism

Phloem: Mass Flow

8. Transport in Mammals

The Circulatory System

Circulatory Systems

The Main Blood Vessels

Observing & Drawing Blood Vessels

Blood Vessels: Structures & Functions

Cells of the Blood

The Role of Water in Circulation

Blood & Tissue Fluid

Transport of Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide

Red Blood Cells, Haemoglobin & Oxygen

The Chloride Shift

Plasma & Carbon Dioxide

The Oxygen Dissociation Curve

The Bohr Shift

The Heart

Structure of the Heart

The Walls of the Heart

The Cardiac Cycle

Heart Action

9. Gas Exchange

The Gas Exchange System

The Human Gas Exchange System

Distribution of Tissues

Recognising Tissues

Recognising Structures

Structures & Functions of the Gas Exchange System

Gas Exchange Processes

10. Infectious Diseases

Infectious Diseases

Infectious Diseases

Transmission of Disease

Prevention & Control of Disease

Antibiotics

Penicillin

Antibiotic Resistance

Consequences of Antibiotic Resistance

11. Immunity

The Immune System

Phagocytes

Antigens

Primary Immune Response

Memory Cells & Immunity

Antibodies & Vaccination

Antibodies

Making Monoclonal Antibodies

Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies

Types of Immunity

How Vaccines Work

Vaccination to Control Disease

Exam boards

• Edexcel AS Biology (A) SNAB
• OCR AS Biology
• AQA AS Biology

Study tools

• Cambridge (CIE) AS Biology · Exam Questions
• Cambridge (CIE) AS Biology · Past Papers

Related links

• AS Biology · Revision Notes
• AS Biology · Exam Questions
• AS Biology · Past Papers