Unit 1: Chemistry of Life

Elements of Life

Structure & Properties of Water

Hydrogen Bonding in Water

Chemical Elements Required for Life

Exchange of Carbon & Nitrogen to Build Biological Molecules

Biological Macromolecules

Monomers & Polymers as Biological Molecules

Nucleic Acids

Proteins

Complex Carbohydrates

Lipids

Phospholipids

How Subcomponents are Arranged in Biological Molecules

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acid Structure: DNA & RNA

Unit 2: Cell Structure & Function

Cell Structure

Cellular Organelles 1

Cellular Organelles 2

Cellular Organelles 3

Structural Features of a Cell for Metabolism

How Cell Size Affects Exchange of Materials

Maximizing Surface Area-to-Volume Ratios

Specialized Exchange Strategies

Cell Membranes & Transport

Plasma Membrane Structure

Selective Permeability of Plasma Membranes

Passive Transport

Active Transport

Facilitated Diffusion

Tonicity

Osmoregulation

Mechanisms of Transport

Cell Compartmentalization

Membrane-Bound Organelles

Differences Between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

Endosymbiosis

Unit 3: Cellular Energetics

Enzymes

Enzyme Structure

Lowering of Activation Energy

Factors that Affect Enzyme Activity

Enzyme Inhibition

Cellular Energy & Fitness

Energy in the Cell

Fitness of Biological Molecules

Photosynthesis

Overview of Photosynthesis

The Role of Chlorophyll in Harnessing Light Energy

The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

The Light-Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

Overview of Respiration

ATP as the Product of Respiration

Glycolysis

Oxidation of Pyruvate

Krebs Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Fermentation

Unit 4: Cell Communication & Cell Cycle

Cell Communication

How Cells Communicate With Each Other

Signal Transduction Pathways

Signal Transduction

Changes in Signal Transduction Pathways

The Role of Feedback Mechanisms

Cell Cycle

The Cell Cycle in Eukaryotes

Regulation of the Cell Cycle

Unit 5: Heredity

Meiosis & Genetic Diversity

The Stages of Meiosis

Meiosis & Mitosis Compared

Meiosis Increases Genetic Diversity

Inheritance

DNA & RNA Carry Genetic Information

Mendel's Laws

Deviations from Mendel's Inheritance Model

Phenotypic Plasticity

Chromosomal Variation in Sexual Reproduction

Unit 6: Gene Expression & Regulation

DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis

Forms of Nucleic Acids

Replication of DNA

From DNA to mRNA

From mRNA to Protein

Gene Expression

How Some Molecules Affect Gene Expression

Promoters & Suppressors

Mutations

Causes of Mutation

Effects of Mutations

Mutations & Natural Selection

Biotechnology

Genetic Engineering Techniques

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Bacterial Transformation

DNA Sequencing

Unit 7: Natural Selection

Natural Selection & Artificial Selection

The Theory of Natural Selection

Natural Selection & Populations

Phenotypic Variation & Selection

How Humans Affect Diversity of Other Species

Population Genetics

Random Occurrences & Genetic Diversity

Conditions Required for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

The Hardy-Weinberg Equation

Evolution

Data That Supports Evolution

Evidence for Change in Organisms Over Time

Evidence for Common Ancestry

Evolution is an Ever-Continuing Process

Phylogenetic Trees & Cladograms

Types of Speciation

Speciation & Diversity

The Importance of Extinction

Implications of Allele Variations Within a Population

How Life Started on Earth: Theories

Unit 8: Ecology

Ecosystems

Organisms Respond to Environmental Cues

Strategies to Optimize Energy Use

Body Size & Metabolic Rate

Food Chains & Food Webs

Trophic Pyramids & Diagrams

Population & Community Ecology

Factors That Influence Population Growth

Resources & Population Density

Interactions Between Populations

Biodiversity & Disruptions to Ecosystems

Ecosystem Resilience Through Biodiversity

Maintaining Balance Within an Ecosystem

Adaptation & Mutation

Human Activities Affect Ecosystems

Geological & Meteorological Activity

Study tools

• College Board AP® Biology · Exam Questions
• College Board AP® Biology · Past Papers

Related links

• AP® Biology · Revision Notes
• AP® Biology · Exam Questions
• AP® Biology · Past Papers