Forms of Volcanic Hazards (AQA A Level Geography) : Revision Note

Rhiannon Molyneux

Written by: Rhiannon Molyneux

Reviewed by: Bridgette Barrett

Updated on

Primary Hazards

  • Although they are all unique, volcanic eruptions have common hazards

    • Primary (a direct result of the eruption)

    • Secondary (a result of the primary hazards)

primary-hazards-1
Diagram to show volcanic hazards
  • Tephra – solid material of varying sizes that is ejected by a volcano – ranges from ash (less than 2mm in diameter) to volcanic bombs (more than 64mm)

  • Ash fallout – large quantities of ash carried by the wind and deposited on the ground

    • It can travel many km, causing respiratory problems, injuries, damage, deaths and disruption to transport

    • E.g. the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland produced an ash cloud that disrupted air travel in Europe for several weeks

primary-hazards-2
Extent of ash cloud from 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption
  • Pyroclastic flow (also known as nuée ardente) - a super-heated mixture of gas and tephra that flows at speeds of up to 700 km per hour

    • This is one of the deadliest volcanic hazards as they can travel long distances and destroy everything in their path

    • E.g. when Fuego volcano erupted in Guatemala in 2018, pyroclastic flows destroyed several nearby towns

  • Lava flow – lava flows travel at different speeds depending on slope, temperature and viscosity

    • Most move slowly enough that they are not a risk to human life but can cause significant damage to property and infrastructure

    • The fastest flows can reach speeds of up to 60 mph

    • In the 2021 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo in the Democratic Republic of Congo, lava flows travelled almost 10km destroying properties and killing over 30 people

  • Volcanic gases – eruptions can release large quantities of gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide

    • They are hazardous to human health causing respiratory problems and deaths

    • E.g. Kilauea in Hawaii (USA) releases large amounts of sulphur dioxide leading to air quality alerts and health warnings for residents

Secondary Hazards

  • Lahars – mudflows that occur when tephra mixes with water, either from rainfall, or from melted snow and ice

    • They are fast flowing and destroy everything in their path

    • E.g. the lahars that occurred when Mount Pinatubo erupted in the Philippines in 1991 caused extensive damage and disruption

lahars
Map to show extent of lahars in eruption of Mount Pinatubo
  • Jökulhlaups - floods caused by a sudden release of water and rocks when glacial ice is melted by the eruption

    • The 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull triggered a jökulhlaup which destroyed several bridges and roads

  • Acid rain – forms when sulphur dioxide emitted during the eruption reacts with water vapour in the atmosphere to form sulphuric acid

    • It can damage crops, forests and aquatic ecosystems

Examiner Tips and Tricks

Make sure you can describe and explain each of the volcanic hazards, using located examples to support.

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Rhiannon Molyneux

Author: Rhiannon Molyneux

Expertise: Geography Content Creator

Rhiannon graduated from Oxford University with a BA in Geography before training as a teacher. She is enthusiastic about her subject and enjoys supporting students to reach their full potential. She has now been teaching for over 15 years, more recently specialising at A level. Rhiannon has many years of experience working as an examiner for GCSE, IGCSE and A level Geography, so she knows how to help students achieve exam success.

Bridgette Barrett

Reviewer: Bridgette Barrett

Expertise: Geography Lead

After graduating with a degree in Geography, Bridgette completed a PGCE over 25 years ago. She later gained an MA Learning, Technology and Education from the University of Nottingham focussing on online learning. At a time when the study of geography has never been more important, Bridgette is passionate about creating content which supports students in achieving their potential in geography and builds their confidence.

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