Catalytic Cracking - GCSE Chemistry Definition

Catalytic cracking is a chemical process used in the oil industry to break down large, complex hydrocarbon molecules found in crude oil into smaller, more useful ones like petrol and diesel, which are in high demand. This process occurs in a reactor where the long-chain hydrocarbons are heated in the presence of a catalyst, typically made of zeolite, which speeds up the reaction without being consumed by it.

For example, the equation for this cracking hexane is:

C₆H₁₄ ⟶ C₄H₁₀ + C₂H₄

The smaller molecules produced can also include valuable by-products like alkenes, which are used in making plastics and other chemicals. Catalytic cracking helps improve fuel production efficiency and maximises the use of crude oil, making it an essential technique for converting raw materials into everyday fuels and products.