Free Response Questions (College Board AP® Environmental Science): Exam Questions

22 mins3 questions
1a1 mark

A study found high levels of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as synthetic hormones and pharmaceuticals, in a freshwater lake located downstream from a wastewater treatment plant. Scientists observed developmental abnormalities in fish populations, including altered reproductive anatomy and reduced fertility rates. The lake is also used for recreation and irrigation.

Identify one likely source of EDCs entering the lake.

1b1 mark

Explain how EDCs affect aquatic organisms at the population level.

1c1 mark

Describe one human activity that may contribute to pharmaceutical pollution in water bodies.

1d1 mark

Describe one specific developmental or reproductive change observed in aquatic species exposed to EDCs.

1e1 mark

Explain how EDCs can bioaccumulate and biomagnify in aquatic food webs.

1f1 mark

Describe one method that wastewater treatment facilities can use to reduce EDC levels.

1g1 mark

Identify and describe one policy or regulation that addresses water pollution in the U.S.

1h1 mark

Explain how EDC contamination could impact human health.

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2a1 mark

A large metropolitan landfill is nearing capacity, and the city has seen a steady rise in electronic waste (e-waste) disposal. Tests conducted at the landfill perimeter have revealed increasing levels of lead and mercury in nearby groundwater, and residents in adjacent communities have expressed concerns about contamination. The city is considering alternatives such as waste-to-energy incineration and expanded recycling programs to manage solid waste more sustainably. Meanwhile, toxic leachate formation remains a growing concern, especially during heavy rainfall.

Identify an environmental issue from e-waste in landfills.

2b1 mark

Describe a health risk from heavy metals.

2c1 mark

State one waste-to-energy (WTE) advantage.

2d1 mark

Describe one disadvantage of waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities.

2e1 mark

Propose an e-waste reduction method.

2f1 mark

Explain how leachate forms and why it matters.

2g1 mark

Describe the relevant U.S. law that governs waste disposal.

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3a1 mark

Electronic waste, or e-waste, is rapidly becoming a global problem. E-waste may contain hazardous chemicals, including heavy metals such as mercury, which can leach from landfills if not disposed of properly.

Identify ONE component of e-waste.

3b1 mark

Describe one strategy to reduce the amount of e-waste entering a landfill.

3c1 mark

Describe one strategy to prevent e-waste from contaminating groundwater if it is dumped in a landfill.

3d1 mark

Small-scale gold mining is common in many less developed countries. Miners use mercury, which binds to gold particles in ores, to create a small mixture which is heated to evaporate the mercury. This process leaves behind gold but releases toxic vapours and runoff. 

The average small scale mining operation extracts 500 kg of gold in a year and uses mercury in a 2:1 mass ratio (mercury to gold).

Calculate the mass of mercury, in kg, used in this mining operation per year?

3e1 mark

30% of the mercury used in the process of extracting gold from ore is released into the air.  

Calculate the mass of  mercury, in kg, released into the air per year.

3f1 mark

The remaining mercury enters a nearby pond with a volume of 5,000,000 liters. 

Calculate the concentration of mercury in the river, in mg/L

3g1 mark

Describe how methylmercury can form in aquatic environments. 

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