The Importance of Makkah and Madinah for Muslims (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Religious Studies): Revision Note

Makkah as the birth place of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)

The birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)

• Makkah is the city where the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was born in 570 CE

  • It is located in modern-day Saudi Arabia and is considered the holiest city in Islam

• At the time of the Prophet Muhammad’s (pbuh) birth, Makkah was a major trading centre and home to the Kaʿbah

  • The Kaʿbah was filled with idols and used by various tribes for polytheistic worship (worship of many gods)

• The Prophet was born into the Quraysh tribe, one of the most powerful tribes in the city

Makkah as the site of persecution of early Muslims

• After receiving the first revelation from Allah at the age of 40, the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) began preaching Islam in Makkah

• His message of monotheism (belief in one God) was rejected by many in the Quraysh tribe

  • It threatened the power of the tribe and the idol-based economy

• Early Muslims in Makkah faced severe persecution, including:

  • Social exclusion

  • Economic pressure

  • Physical violence

  • Torture

• Despite this, some followers remained loyal, including Khadijah — the Prophet Muhammad’s (pbuh) wife — and other early converts, such as Abu Bakr

Makkah as the site of the start of the Hijrah 

• The Hijrah refers to the Prophet Muhammad’s (pbuh) migration away from Makkah in 622 CE

  • He made the decision to leave because life in Makkah had become dangerous due to increasing threats, persecution and violence from the Quraysh tribe

• The Hijrah was necessary to preserve the message of Islam and the lives of Muslims

  • It marked the end of the Prophet’s time in Makkah at that point and the beginning of Islam’s growth beyond the city

Madinah and the first Muslim community

Madinah as the destination of the Hijrah

• The Hijrah, when the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and his followers migrated from Makkah to Madinah in 622 CE, marks the start of the Islamic calendar

• The people of Madinah welcomed the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), offering protection and support

• In Madinah, Muslims were allowed to practise their faith freely and without the fear of persecution

The establishment of the first Muslim community (Ummah) at Madinah

• In Madinah, the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was able to form the first Islamic state based on:

  • Justice

  • Equality

  • Obedience to Allah

• The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) acted as both a spiritual and political leader, resolving disputes and guiding the new Muslim Ummah

• The Constitution of Madinah created peaceful relations between Muslims, Jews and other communities

Madinah as the site of the first mosque

• The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) built the Quba Mosque near Madinah

  • This was the first mosque in Islam

• Later, he established the Masjid al-Nabawi (the Prophet’s Mosque) in the city itself

• This was a place of worship and a centre for the whole community to gather

  • It remains one of Islam’s holiest sites today

Madinah as the place where Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) died

• The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) spent the final ten years of his life in Madinah

  • He died there in 632 CE and was buried within the Prophet’s Mosque

  • His burial site is a site of deep significance to Muslims

• Therefore, Madinah remains an important and spiritually significant city for Muslims worldwide