Comparing Genome Sizes: Skills (DP IB Biology) : Revision Note

Naomi Holyoak

Last updated

Comparing Genome Sizes

Comparing genome sizes

  • Advances in technology have allowed scientists to sequence genomes of many species

  • Genome-wide comparisons can now be made between individuals and between species

  • Genome sizes can differ in different organisms:

    • Viruses and bacteria tend to have very small genomes

    • Prokaryotes tend to have smaller genomes than eukaryotes

    • The size of plant genomes can vary widely

Comparing the genome size of different organisms table

Organism

Common name / description

Genome size (million base pairs)

Enterobacteria phage T2

Virus that infects E. coli

0.17

Escherichia coli

E. coli bacteria

5

Drosophila melanogaster

Fruit fly

140

Homo sapiens

Human

3000

Paris japonica

Japanese canopy plant

150 000

Using a genome size database

  • It is possible for anyone to look up the genome size of a wide range of organisms using a genome size database, e.g. the Animal Genome Size Database or the Plant DNA C-Values Database

  • Databases present genome sizes using a measure known as a C-value

    • The C-value is the haploid nuclear DNA content of an organism

    • C-value units can be given in mass: picograms (pg) where 1 pg = 10-12 g

    • C-value units can be in number of bases: megabases (Mb) where 1 Mb = 106 bases

    • 1 pg = 978 Mb

Genome size and organism complexity

  • We might expect there to be a clear relationship between genome size and organism complexity, but there are plenty of examples that do not fit with this pattern, e.g.

    • Humans = 3 100 Mb

    • Hagfish = 4 200 Mb

    • Common wheat = 17 000 Mb

  • In some cases similar species may have very different genome sizes

    • E.g. common wheat above has a genome size of around 17 000 Mb, while red wild einkorn wheat has a genome size of around 5 000 Mb

  • There are several factors that should be considered when thinking about the reason for these unexpected numbers:

    • The genome contains all of an organism's DNA, not just the DNA that codes for proteins

    • Plants can have polyploidy, meaning that their cells can contain many sets of chromosomes, giving them very large genomes

    • Our view of 'complexity' may not be correct; we generally associate complexity with brain function, but there are other ways in which an organism can be complex

👀 You've read 1 of your 5 free revision notes this week
An illustration of students holding their exam resultsUnlock more revision notes. It's free!

By signing up you agree to our Terms and Privacy Policy.

Already have an account? Log in

Did this page help you?

Naomi Holyoak

Author: Naomi Holyoak

Expertise: Biology Content Creator

Naomi graduated from the University of Oxford with a degree in Biological Sciences. She has 8 years of classroom experience teaching Key Stage 3 up to A-Level biology, and is currently a tutor and A-Level examiner. Naomi especially enjoys creating resources that enable students to build a solid understanding of subject content, while also connecting their knowledge with biology’s exciting, real-world applications.

Download notes on Comparing Genome Sizes: Skills