Assumptions & Key Concepts of SLT (AQA A Level Psychology): Revision Note

Assumptions of social learning theory

• Social learning theory (SLT) was proposed by Bandura (1972) as a more nuanced explanation of behaviourism 

• SLT takes the core principle of behaviourism - people are shaped by their environment - and refines it to include the mechanisms of how people (particularly children) learn from others

• SLT posits the idea that children learn via

  • observation of  role models, particularly parents but also other significant people such as teachers, older siblings, celebrities

    • Role models tend to be older, influential figures who have high status or possess qualities the child aspires to, e.g., being good at football

  • imitation of the behaviours observed from role models

  • social contexts i.e., learning is not innate but is absorbed via the child's environment such as the home, school, peer groups

Imitation & identification

• The concept behind SLT:

  • The child observes the behaviour of a role model

  • If the behaviour is observed frequently, the child imitates that behaviour

  • The imitated behaviour is performed in different contexts, e.g.,

    • a child observes domestic violence at home and goes on to imitate this sort of behaviour at school (bullying)

• It is more likely that a child will imitate the behaviour of role models with whom they identify with or have similar characteristics to them, e.g. same-sex parent or sibling or an attractive celebrity

Vicarious reinforcement

• Reinforcement plays a role in SLT but it tends to be indirect, vicarious reinforcement rather than direct reinforcement, e.g.,

  • The child observes a specific behaviour from a role model, e.g., an aggressive parent

  • The child sees that the aggressive parent is rewarded, e.g., they have power over the other parent

  • The aggressive parent experiences positive direct reinforcement, e.g., they got what they wanted; they feel good

  • The child identifies with the aggressive parent and  internalises what they have just seen, e.g., 'I want to feel like that'

  • Vicarious reinforcement has  taken place

    • The child has observed the reward gained by the aggressive parent and is motivated to behave similarly to gain such a reward for themselves

    • The child may then go on to behave aggressively towards other children, particularly those who appear to be vulnerable

• Vicarious reinforcement highlights the more sophisticated nature of SLT compared to behaviourism, as it involves a degree of cognition

  • People are required to process what they have seen and imagine themselves gaining a similar reward for the specific behaviour

Mediational processes

• The cognitive element of SLT can be summed up via the mediational processes involved:

  • Attention-Retention-Reproduction-Motivation (ARRM):

    • Attention - noticing the behaviour, and being aware of it

    • Retention - remembering the behaviour and the mechanisms involved in it 

    • Reproduction - imitating the behaviour, reproducing key features of it

    • Motivation - the desire to perform the behaviour, the need to be rewarded for the behaviour

• Attention and retention refer to the learning of the behaviour

• Reproduction and motivation refer to the performance of that behaviour

• Learning and performance of the behaviour are not required to occur at the same time e.g. aggression observed in one setting may not be performed until some time later and in a different setting

Evaluation of assumptions & key concepts of SLT

Strengths

• SLT provides a more 'rounded' explanation of how the environment shapes behaviour than that offered by behaviourism

  • This means that SLT is less reductionist than behaviourism

  • This means that SLT is also less deterministic than behaviourism, as mediational processes imply that the individual has some choice over their behaviour

• SLT has good application to the use of token economies in prison or health settings

  • The prisoner/patient is rewarded for 'good' behaviour with tokens

  • Observation of fellow prisoners/patients receiving rewards encourages good behaviour from others

    • Thus the theory has good external validity

Limitations

• SLT cannot account for behaviours which are observed frequently and are not imitated e.g., a child who frequently observes domestic violence may never be violent towards anyone else

  • This means that SLT can offer only a limited explanation of behaviour as it does not acknowledge the role of individual differences as a factor

• Research into SLT tends to consist of lab experiments

  • This is a limitation as SLT is an explanation of behaviour within social contexts

  • The controlled conditions of a lab experiment cannot hope to replicate real life thus, such research lacks ecological validity