Fluid Resistance (DP IB Physics): Revision Note

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Fluid Resistance

  • Fluid resistance refers to the effects of gases and liquids on the motion of a body

  • When an object moves through a fluid (a gas or a liquid), there are resistive forces for that movement

    • These forces are known as viscous drag 

    • Viscous drag, also known as air resistance, is a type of friction

  • Frictional forces:

    • Always act in the opposite direction to the motion of the object

    • Never speed an object up or start them moving

    • Always slow down an object or keep them moving at a constant speed

    • Always transfer energy away from the object to the surroundings 

  • Lift is an upward force on an object moving through a fluid. It is perpendicular to the fluid flow

    • For example, as an aeroplane moves through the air, the aeroplane pushes down on the air to change its direction

    • This causes an equal and opposite reaction as the air pushes upwards on the wings of the aeroplane (lift) due to Newton's Third Law

Lift Force, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

Drag forces are always in the opposite direction to the thrust (direction of motion). Lift is always in the opposite direction to the weight

  • A key component of drag forces is that they increase with the speed of the object

  • This is shown in the diagram below:

3-1-2-1-drag-force-increases-with-speed-new

Frictional forces on a car increase with speed

Fluid Resistance in Projectile Motion

  • In projectile motion, the factors that are affected by fluid resistance are:

    • Time of flight

    • Horizontal velocity

    • Horizontal acceleration

    • Range

    • Shape of trajectory

  • Air resistance is the frictional force which has the most significant effect on a projectile

  • Air resistance decreases the horizontal component of the velocity of a projectile

    • This means both its range and maximum height will decrease compared to an identical situation with no air resistance (like a vacuum)

Projectile Motion Air Resistance, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

A projectile with air resistance travels a smaller distance and has a lower maximum height than one without air resistance

  • When air resistance is applied, the path of the projectile no longer follows a parabola shape

    • Its path is now steeper on the way down than it is up

  • The flight time will also decrease as the projectile is in the air for a shorter period of time

    • This is due to having a smaller range and lower maximum height

  • In summary:

Air resistance affects

Effect of air resistance

time of flight

decreases

horizontal velocity

decreases

horizontal deceleration

increases

range

decreases

shape of trajectory

no longer a parabola

  • The angle and launch speed of a projectile can be varied to cover a longer range or reach a greater maximum height, depending on the situation

    • For sports, such as the long jump or javelin, an optimum angle against air resistance is used to produce the greatest range (distance)

    • For gymnastics or ski jumper, the initial vertical velocity is made as large as possible to reach a greater maximum height and longer flight path

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Ashika

Author: Ashika

Expertise: Physics Content Creator

Ashika graduated with a first-class Physics degree from Manchester University and, having worked as a software engineer, focused on Physics education, creating engaging content to help students across all levels. Now an experienced GCSE and A Level Physics and Maths tutor, Ashika helps to grow and improve our Physics resources.

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