Imaging Using EM Waves (OCR GCSE Physics A (Gateway)) : Revision Note

Katie M

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Katie M

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Imaging Using EM Waves

Higher Tier Only

  • Sound waves can be used to analyse structures that are hidden from direct observation

  • Examples of the use of sound waves

    • Echo sounding used by shipping to detect the ocean floor

    • Ultrasound used to look inside the human body

    • Ultrasound crack detection to find cracks in rail tracks

    • Reflection seismology to detect oil and gas underground

    • Seismic activity (Earthquakes) can be used to investigate the structure of the Earth

  • The properties of a substance that allow the detection of hidden structures are:

    • Reflection

    • Absorption

    • Transmission

    • The speed of sound in the substance

  • Each type of substance will produce different amounts of reflection, absorption and transmission

    • Sounds will travel faster in solids than liquids and sound travels faster in liquids than gases

    • Each type of substance will also transmit a sound wave at a specific speed

  • Certain structures will reflect a proportion of the sound wave and transmit the rest

    • Some substances will absorb sound waves with very little reflection

  • By detecting the amount of sound reflected and the speed of the wave the hidden structure can be identified

  • Electromagnetic waves such as infra-red, X-rays and gamma rays are also used as alternatives to medical imaging

    • This is to explore structures which are hidden from direct observations (e.g in organs)

Ultrasound in Medicine

  • When ultrasound reaches a boundary between two media, some of the waves are partially reflected

  • The remainder of the waves continue through the material and are transmitted

  • Ultrasound transducers are able to:

    • Emit ultrasound

    • Receive ultrasound

  • The time taken for the reflections to reach a detector can be used to determine how far away a boundary is

    • This is because ultrasound travels at different speeds through different media

  • This is done by using the speed, distance, and time equation

Speed distance equation, IGCSE & GCSE Physics revision notes
  • Where:

    • v = speed in metres per second (m/s)

    • s = distance in metres (m)

    • t = time in seconds (s)

  • This allows ultrasound waves to be used for both medical and industrial imaging

  • In medicine, ultrasound can be used:

    • To construct images of a foetus in the womb

    • To generate 2D images of organs and other internal structures (as long as they are not surrounded by bone)

    • As a medical treatment such as removing kidney stones

  • An ultrasound detector is made up of a transducer that produces and detects a beam of ultrasound waves in the body

  • The ultrasound waves are reflected back to the transducer by boundaries between tissues in the path of the beam

    • For example, the boundary between fluid and soft tissue or tissue and bone

  • When these echoes hit the transducer, they generate electrical signals that are sent to the ultrasound scanner

  • Using the speed of sound and the time of each echo’s return, the detector calculates the distance from the transducer to the tissue boundary

  • By taking a series of ultrasound measurements, sweeping across an area, the time measurements may be used to build up an image

  • Unlike many other medical imaging techniques, ultrasound is non-invasive and is believed to be harmless

Ultrasound Medical Imaging, downloadable IGCSE & GCSE Physics revision notes

Ultrasound can be used to construct an image of a foetus in the womb

Ultrasound in Industry

  • In industry, ultrasound can be used to:

    • Check for cracks inside metal objects

    • Generate images beneath surfaces

  • A crack in a metal block will cause some waves to reflect earlier than the rest, so they will show up as pulses on an oscilloscope trace

    • Each pulse represents each time the wave crosses a boundary

  • The speed of the waves is constant, so measuring the time between emission and detection can allow the distance from the source to be calculated

Ultrasound Cracked Bolt, downloadable IGCSE & GCSE Physics revision notes

Ultrasound is partially reflected at boundaries, so in a bolt with no internal cracks, there should only be two pulses (at the start and end of the bolt)

Worked Example

WE Ultrasound Cracked Bolt, downloadable IGCSE & GCSE Physics revision notes

In the diagram above, a very high-frequency sound wave is used to check for internal cracks in a large steel bolt. The oscilloscope trace shows that the bolt does have an internal crack. Each division on the oscilloscope represents a time of 0.000002 s. The speed of sound through steel is 6000 m/s.

Calculate the distance, in cm, from the head of the bolt to the internal crack.

Answer:

Step 1: List the known quantities

  • Speed of ultrasound, v = 6000 m/s

  • Time taken, t = 5 × 0.000002 = 0.00001 s

Step 2: Write down the equation relating speed, distance and time

distance, d = v × t

Step 3: Calculate the distance

d = 6000 × 0.00001 = 0.06 m

Step 4: Convert the distance to cm

d = 6 cm

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Katie M

Author: Katie M

Expertise: Physics Content Creator

Katie has always been passionate about the sciences, and completed a degree in Astrophysics at Sheffield University. She decided that she wanted to inspire other young people, so moved to Bristol to complete a PGCE in Secondary Science. She particularly loves creating fun and absorbing materials to help students achieve their exam potential.

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