Here is an example of a question you might be asked on this topic - for AO1 and AO3.
AO1: You need to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of key concepts, ideas, theories and research.
AO3: You need to analyse and evaluate key concepts, ideas, theories and research.
Question: Aversion therapy and self-management programmes are both used as interventions for addiction.
Explain how aversion therapy is used as an intervention for addiction.
Use your knowledge of both the reductionist and the holistic perspectives to compare aversion therapy with self-management programmes. [9]
Model answer:
AO1:
- Aversion therapy aims to stop addicts from using the substance by causing them to experience something unpleasant when they carry out the unwanted behaviour e.g. vomiting whenever they drink alcohol.
- This use of aversive stimulus results in a link being made between the unwanted behaviour and the unpleasant experience as it is based on the mechanisms of classical conditioning.
- Electrical aversion therapy may also be used, particularly with gambling addicts.
AO3:
- The reductionist perspective is the idea that a phenomenon such as addiction can only be understood by simplifying it to its most basic constituents.
- The holistic perspective is the idea that all the aspects of a phenomenon such as addiction are connected and are only fully able to be understood by looking at the ‘bigger picture’ or referring to the whole.
- By itself, aversion therapy is reductionist because it only focuses on changing the link between unwanted behaviour and pleasure.
- However if aversion therapy is combined with other treatments or therapies (such as CBT), it becomes more holistic.
- Self-management programmes can be viewed as holistic because they help people to work on the ‘bigger picture’ which is achieved by not only dealing with someone’s urge to use a substance but also by addressing other factors that are often linked to addiction, such as environmental or social factors.
- Self-management programmes also help people to address events or experiences from their past such as trauma or loss.
- Self-management programmes tend to be more holistic than aversion therapy.