What Are Functional Skills Qualifications?

Introduction

Struggling with Maths or English GCSEs? Not sure if you're ready to retake them, or whether there's another option that might suit you better?

Thousands of students find themselves in this exact position every year, whether they've just left school, missed out on passing grades, or are returning to education after a break. 

That's where Functional Skills qualifications come in. They're a practical, flexible alternative that focuses on real-world skills you'll actually use in everyday life, work, and further study. They're widely recognised by employers and colleges, and they could be exactly what you need to move forward.

In this guide, we'll break down everything you need to know about Functional Skills, so you can decide if they're the right fit for you.

Key Takeaways

• What are Functional Skills qualifications? Functional Skills are practical qualifications in English, maths, and ICT that focus on real-life skills

• Who are they for? They're designed for anyone who needs an alternative to GCSEs, including school leavers, adult learners, and apprentices

• How are they assessed? They're assessed through on-demand tests and coursework, making them more flexible than traditional GCSEs

What Are Functional Skills?

Functional Skills are nationally recognised qualifications that teach you practical English, Maths, and ICT skills.

Unlike GCSEs, which cover a broad range of subjects, Functional Skills focus on what you'll actually need in everyday life. That means learning how to write a professional email, work out budgets and percentages, or use spreadsheets and digital tools confidently.

They're available in three core subjects:

• English (reading, writing, speaking, and listening)

• Maths (numbers, problem-solving, and data handling)

• ICT or Digital (digital communication, using software, and online safety)

The main bodies that administer Functional Skills qualifications are Pearson (Edexcel) (opens in a new tab), City & Guilds (opens in a new tab), and NCFE (opens in a new tab).

The whole point of Functional Skills is to help you build confidence in using these skills in real situations, whether that's at work, in college, or in your day-to-day life.

Who Are Functional Skills Qualifications For?

Functional Skills are designed to be inclusive and accessible. They're not just for one type of learner.

Here's who they're perfect for:

Students who didn't pass GCSEs

• Our ‘What Happens If You Fail Your GCSEs?’ Overview details all the options available to you if you didn’t achieve a Grade 4 in Maths or English. One great option is to take Functional Skills qualification. These offer a clear route to achieving an equivalent qualification without having to resit the full GCSE.

Adult learners returning to education

• Some people who left school years ago and never got their qualifications enrol on Functional Skills courses.

Apprentices

• Many apprenticeship programmes require you to have English and Maths qualifications. Functional Skills Level 2 is often accepted in place of GCSEs, and some apprenticeships even include them as part of the training. You can read more about this in our ‘Can I Do an Apprenticeship Without GCSEs?’ Guide.

What Levels Are Available?

Functional Skills qualifications are split into different levels, so you can start at the right place for your current ability.

Here's how the levels break down:

Entry Levels 1–3: These are the starting point if you're building basic skills from scratch. Entry Level 3 is roughly equivalent to a GCSE Grade 2 or below. 

Level 1: This is roughly equivalent to a GCSE Grade 2–3. It's designed for learners who have some foundational skills but aren't quite ready for Level 2 yet.

Level 2: This is the main one. Level 2 Functional Skills is equivalent to a GCSE Grade 4. It's the level most employers and colleges ask for, and it's what you'll need if you're applying for apprenticeships or further education courses.

Level 2 Functional Skills qualifications are formally recognised as equivalent to GCSE Grade 4 (opens in a new tab).

Most people aim for Level 2 because it opens the most doors. But if you're not quite ready, you can always start at Level 1 and work your way up.

Functional Skills vs GCSEs: What's the Difference?

If you're trying to decide between Functional Skills and GCSEs, here's a quick comparison between the qualifications:

How Are Functional Skills Assessed?

One of the best things about Functional Skills is how flexible the assessments are.

On-demand testing

• Unlike GCSEs, which have set exam dates once or twice a year, Functional Skills tests can be taken whenever you're ready. Your college or training provider will book you in for the test when they think you're prepared. This takes a lot of the pressure off.

More practical assessments

• The tests are designed to reflect real-life situations. For example, in English you might be asked to write a formal letter or read a workplace document and answer questions about it. In Maths, you could be asked to work out a budget or interpret data from a chart.

What Can You Do With a Functional Skills Qualification?

Functional Skills qualifications can open up a lot of opportunities, whether you're looking to get into work, start an apprenticeship, or continue your education.

• Access apprenticeships

  • Most apprenticeships require English and Maths at Level 2. 

  • If you don't have GCSEs, Functional Skills are accepted as an alternative by almost all employers and training providers. 

• Progress to further education

  • Want to study a vocational course like a BTEC, T Level, or Access to Higher Education Diploma? Many colleges accept Functional Skills Level 2 as an entry requirement, especially if you're also bringing other qualifications or life experience.

• Improve your job prospects

  • Employers in sectors like retail, healthcare, construction, and admin often ask for English and Maths qualifications. 

  • Functional Skills show you've got the practical skills to succeed in the workplace.

• Prepare for university 

  • While most universities prefer GCSEs or A Levels, some will accept Functional Skills Level 2 if you're taking a non-traditional route into higher education.

  • Universities assess applications individually, and Functional Skills may be accepted alongside other qualifications like Access courses or BTECs.

Where Can You Study Functional Skills?

The good news is that Functional Skills are widely available, so you've got plenty of options for where to study.

• Further education colleges

• Training centres and apprenticeship providers

• Online learning platforms

• Schools and sixth forms

Frequently Asked Questions

Is Functional Skills Level 2 equivalent to a GCSE?

Yes. Functional Skills Level 2 is officially recognised as equivalent to a GCSE Grade 4 (C). It's accepted by most employers and colleges as proof that you've got the essential skills in English, Maths, or ICT. 

Can I go to university with Functional Skills?

It depends on the university and the course you're applying for. Some universities accept Functional Skills Level 2. However, more competitive courses and Russell Group universities often require GCSEs. It's always best to check the specific entry requirements for the course you're interested in.

How long does it take to complete a Functional Skills qualification?

Most people complete a Functional Skills course in around 3 to 6 months, depending on whether you're studying part-time or full-time. 

Are Functional Skills accepted by employers?

Absolutely. Functional Skills qualifications are widely recognised by employers across all sectors, particularly in industries like retail, hospitality, healthcare, construction, and admin. 

Can I retake Functional Skills if I fail?

Yes. If you don't pass the first time, you can retake the test as many times as you need. Because the assessments are on-demand, you won't have to wait months for the next exam date. 

Final Thoughts

Functional Skills qualifications are a flexible, practical, and widely recognised way to build your skills in English, Maths, and ICT.

They're not a second-best option. They're a smart choice for anyone who wants to focus on real-world skills that will actually help them in work, study, and everyday life. And with Level 2 being equivalent to a GCSE Grade 4, they carry real weight with employers and education providers.

If you're ready to take the next step, speak to your local college, training provider, or employer about enrolling in a Functional Skills course. 

References

Pearson (Edexcel) - Functional Skills (opens in a new tab)

City & Guilds - Functional Skills (opens in a new tab)

NCFE - Functional Skills (opens in a new tab)

Gov.uk (opens in a new tab) - What qualification levels mean (opens in a new tab)