What Is the IB Diploma Programme? A Complete Guide

The IB Diploma Programme (IBDP) is a two-year qualification for students aged 16–19, usually taken in the final years of school. It’s recognised worldwide and is known for being academically rigorous while also encouraging creativity, international awareness, and independent learning.

Unlike some qualifications where you only focus on a few subjects, the IB Diploma combines breadth and depth: you’ll study six subjects across different areas, as well as three compulsory core elements. Together, these aim to develop not only your knowledge but also your critical thinking, research skills, and community involvement.

This guide breaks down the structure of the Diploma Programme, how it’s assessed, and what it’s really like to take the IB, so you know exactly what to expect.

Key Takeaways

• The IB Diploma Programme (DP) is a two-year qualification for students aged 16–19.

• Students study six subjects chosen from different groups, including languages, sciences, humanities, and maths.

• You must take three subjects at Higher Level (HL) and three at Standard Level (SL).

• All students also complete the IB Core, which includes the Theory of Knowledge (TOK), Extended Essay (EE), and Creativity, Activity, Service (CAS) requirements.

• Each subject is scored 1–7, with up to 3 bonus points from TOK and the EE, making a maximum of 45 points.

• The IB is recognised worldwide and valued for its breadth, research skills, and international outlook.

What Is the Structure of the IB Diploma Programme?

The IB Diploma Programme (opens in a new tab) spans two years and is designed to provide students with both breadth and depth in their studies. You’ll choose six subjects, one from each of the following subject groups:

1. Studies in Language and Literature

2. Language Acquisition

3. Individuals and Societies (e.g. history, geography, economics)

4. Sciences (e.g. biology, chemistry, physics)

5. Mathematics

6. The Arts (or you can take a second subject from Groups 1–5 instead)

Below is a clear breakdown of each group and the types of subjects you might study.

Group 1: Studies in Language and Literature

These subjects focus on close reading, writing, and analysis.
Examples include:

• Language A: Literature

• Language A: Language and Literature

• Literature and Performance (SL only)

You usually take your strongest or native language in this group.

Group 2: Language Acquisition

These subjects help you learn a new language or develop one you already know.
Examples include:

• Language B (for students with some experience)

• Language ab initio (for beginners)

Languages commonly offered include French, Spanish, Mandarin, Arabic, and German.

Group 3: Individuals and Societies

This group covers the humanities and social sciences.
Examples include:

• History

• Geography

• Economics

• Psychology

• Global Politics

• Business Management

These subjects suit students who enjoy discussion, research, and analytical writing.

Group 4: Sciences

These subjects develop scientific skills through experiments, labs, and scientific inquiry.
Examples include:

• Biology

• Chemistry

• Physics

• Computer Science

• Environmental Systems and Societies (ESS)

ESS can count as either a Group 3 or Group 4 subject.

Group 5: Mathematics

All IB students must take a maths course.
The two main options are:

• Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches (AA) – more algebraic and theoretical

• Mathematics: Applications and Interpretation (AI) – more practical and applied

Each course is available at HL and SL.

Group 6: The Arts (or a second subject from Groups 1–4)

This group allows you to specialise further or keep your curriculum broad.
Examples include:

• Visual Arts

• Music

• Theatre

• Film

• Dance

If you do not want to take an Arts subject, you can replace it with an extra subject from Groups 1–4.

Higher Level vs Standard Level Subjects

In the IB Diploma, all students take six subjects, but not all at the same depth. You choose:

• Three subjects at Higher Level (HL)

• Three subjects at Standard Level (SL)

This balance is one of the key features of the IB. It provides broad subject coverage while still allowing you to explore your strongest or most relevant subjects in more detail.

What’s the difference between HL and SL?

Although HL and SL follow the same core syllabus, HL goes further.

Here is how they compare:

• Teaching hours: HL has around 240 hours, while SL has about 150.

• Content depth: HL includes additional topics or units and expects a more complex understanding.

• Assessment: HL exams are usually longer or include extra papers. Coursework expectations may also be higher.

• University relevance: Some courses (such as Medicine, Engineering, or Economics) at selective universities require specific subjects at HL, not SL.

How many HLs should you choose?

The IB requires exactly three HLs. You cannot take fewer, and taking more is usually discouraged unless your school allows it and you are confident in your ability to handle the workload.

How should you choose your HLs?

Most students choose HLs based on:

• Strengths: subjects you enjoy and perform well in

• University plans: subjects needed for future courses

• Workload balance: avoiding three extremely demanding HLs unless necessary

Choosing the right mix makes a big difference to your overall IB experience, so it is worth planning carefully.

The IB Core: TOK, EE, and CAS

Alongside their six subjects, all IB Diploma students complete three compulsory “core” elements. These are designed to develop skills beyond subject knowledge and are a key part of what makes the IB unique.

Theory of Knowledge (TOK)

TOK explores how we know what we claim to know. Instead of learning new content, you explore questions about knowledge, evidence, and perspectives across different subjects. It’s assessed through two components: a 1,600-word essay (externally marked) and the TOK Exhibition (internally assessed, externally moderated).

In TOK, you will:

• discuss how knowledge is created and evaluated

• compare ideas from different cultures or academic disciplines

• complete two assessments: the TOK exhibition and the TOK essay

TOK encourages you to think critically, challenge assumptions, and make connections between subjects. These are all skills that universities value highly.

Extended Essay (EE)

The EE is a 4,000-word research project on a topic of your choice. You’ll plan and write it with the support of a supervisor, developing academic skills you’ll need at university.

Creativity, Activity, Service (CAS)

CAS involves participating in experiences outside the classroom, ranging from creative projects to physical activities and community service. It isn’t graded, but you must complete it to pass the diploma.

How Is the IB Diploma Graded?

Each of your six subjects is marked on a scale of 1 (lowest) to 7 (highest). This gives a maximum of 42 points from subjects. You can also earn up to 3 extra points from your combined performance in TOK and the Extended Essay. Together, this makes the highest possible IB score 45 points. For more detail on how IB scores work, consult our guide to IB grades 

To pass the diploma, you need at least 24 points overall, as well as meeting certain subject and core requirements. Universities set their own entry requirements, so competitive courses may ask for 36 points or more.

Internal vs External Assessment

Your IB Diploma grade (opens in a new tab) is based on two types of assessment:

• Internal Assessments (IAs):

  • Set and marked by your teachers, then moderated by the IB.

  • Examples include science investigations, oral exams in languages, or coursework essays in humanities.

  • Usually worth around 20–30% of your final grade in each subject.

• External Assessments:

  • Final written exams at the end of the two years.

  • The Extended Essay and TOK essay.

  • Marked directly by IB examiners.

Both count towards your final result, so remaining consistent with your efforts and meeting deadlines throughout your course is just as important as your performance in the final exams.

How Is the IB Diploma Different from Other Qualifications?

Unlike A Levels or many national curriculums, the IB Diploma requires you to study across a wide range of subjects — you can’t specialise too early. It also stands out because it combines that breadth of study with depth of learning and the development of core skills in a way that many other qualifications don’t. Compared with other post-16 options:

• A Levels: Students usually take three or four subjects, allowing early specialisation. The IB requires six subjects, meaning that you maintain a broader mix of subjects while still delving deeper into your Higher Level subjects.

• Advanced Placement (AP, US): AP lets you choose individual courses, often without a unifying core. The IB adds in compulsory elements, such as TOK, EE, and CAS, to connect your learning and help you develop wider skills.

• National curriculums: In many countries, students focus heavily on either sciences or humanities subject groupings. The IB ensures balance by requiring study across languages, maths, sciences, and humanities.

The result is a qualification valued by universities worldwide for developing research skills, critical thinking, and an international outlook. Some universities even award course credit for strong IB results.

What Is the IB Diploma Like Day to Day?

Studying the IB Diploma involves balancing six subjects alongside core requirements, including CAS, the Extended Essay, and TOK. Most students find the workload steady rather than something you can cram for at the end, so time management is key.

Day to day, you can expect:

• Regular assignments in all six subjects, plus deadlines for Internal Assessments.

• CAS activities running alongside your lessons, such as volunteering, sports, or creative projects.

• Independent study time for planning essays, revising content, or preparing presentations.

• Support from teachers and supervisors, especially for the Extended Essay and TOK.

Many students find the workload demanding but rewarding. The variety keeps things interesting, and the skills you gain are invaluable for university. As DP graduate Brian Vaughn (opens in a new tab) put it, “I learned how to manage my time effectively and balance academics with other commitments.” 

That balance is at the heart of the IB experience: steady effort, organisation, and curiosity make the day-to-day journey manageable and worthwhile.

Who Should Take the IB Diploma Programme?

The IB Diploma is a good choice for students who are:

• Curious and motivated: You’ll study a wide range of subjects and be encouraged to make connections between them.

• Organised and resilient: Balancing six subjects plus the core requires steady effort and good time management.

• Interested in global perspectives: The IB places strong emphasis on international awareness and cultural understanding.

• Considering universities abroad: The diploma is widely recognised and respected by institutions worldwide.

If you enjoy challenging yourself, want to keep your subject options open, and like the idea of a balanced programme, the IB Diploma could be a strong choice.

Frequently Asked Questions

What’s the maximum IB score?

The maximum score is 45 points: 42 from your six subjects, plus up to 3 bonus points from the TOK and Extended Essay.

Is the IB Diploma harder than A Levels?

Many students find the IB more demanding because it combines six subjects with the core (TOK, EE, CAS). A Levels allow you to specialise earlier, while the IB requires balance and strong organisation.

What is the hardest part of the IB curriculum?

This varies between students, but many find the workload and time management the most challenging parts. Balancing six subjects, Internal Assessments, and the Core can feel intense at times. With good planning, it becomes much easier to manage.

Can I choose all my subjects?

You choose most of your subjects, but you must pick them according to IB rules: one subject from each group (unless you replace Group 6) and a mix of HL and SL. Your school’s timetable may also affect what is available.

Can you fail the IB Diploma?

Yes. You need at least 24 points overall to pass, and you must also meet requirements for the core and subject distribution. 

Missing deadlines or failing to complete the CAS can result in not being awarded the diploma.

What universities accept the IB Diploma?

The IB Diploma is accepted by universities worldwide, including top institutions in the UK, the US, Europe, Asia, and beyond. Some universities even offer advanced standing or course credit for high IB scores.

Final Thoughts

The IB Diploma is demanding, but also one of the most rewarding programmes you can take. It helps you develop strong subject knowledge alongside key skills, such as critical thinking and research. With steady effort, it prepares you for success at university and beyond.

For more support, explore our full range of IB study guides and resources on Save My Exams to help you stay confident and prepared throughout the programme.

References:

• Diploma Programme (DP) - International Baccalaureate® (opens in a new tab)

• Interview with International Baccalaureate® graduate Brian Vaughn - IBO Programme Stories (opens in a new tab)