Impact of Geopolitics & Technology on Development (Edexcel GCSE Geography A) : Revision Note

Jacque Cartwright

Written by: Jacque Cartwright

Reviewed by: Bridgette Barrett

Updated on

Geopolitical Relationships & India

  • Geopolitics is the impact of a country’s human and physical geography on its international politics and relations

  • India is now the second-largest market in the world and continues to establish good trading relations with other countries

  • Foreign policy

    • India is building links with France and Canada to encourage defence, energy and infrastructure

      • A trade deal with Canada provided 3.2 million kilos of uranium to build nuclear power plants instead of using fossil fuel, reducing pollution and improving health

    • India joined the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 

      • ASEAN promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational, and sociocultural integration among its members and other countries in Asia

    • India launched Act East in 2014, which aims to build partnerships with its neighbours and other countries in the Indo-Pacific region

    • This has increased India's influence and trade, making it more attractive for foreign companies to invest in the country 

  • Territorial disputes

    • India is in dispute with China over dams, which limit each other’s water supply

    • India has a long-standing dispute with Pakistan and China over Kashmir, where all countries claim the region is theirs

      • This dispute has resulted in wars and continued skirmishes

      • This diverts funds away from the development of India's peripheral regions

  • Defence

    • India currently has the world’s third-largest military budget, which has an impact on development

    • To reduce its reliance on imports for defence equipment, India is building links with the USA to provide warships and planes for assistance and disaster relief

    • India is also developing a defence production industry that will focus on artificial intelligence and cybersecurity

    • This has the potential to create millions of jobs and increase foreign investment

  • Military pacts

    • In the past, India had close military ties with Russia to supply them with missiles and jets

    • This affected economic policies, including the lack of private investment

    • Recently, India completed a deal with the USA that allows mutual use of military bases

    • Trade has increased as a result of the change, which has led to further development

Technology & Connectivity in India

  • India’s technology has expanded rapidly with its own ICT industry and huge wireless network

    • It is estimated to contribute US$240 billion to India's GDP

  • However, there is a digital divide between the core (urban) and periphery (rural) regions

  • Major centres are found in central-south India. Bengaluru, known as the 'Silicon Valley of India', has attracted companies such as Google and employed local software developers and senior leaders

  • India is the second-largest manufacturer of mobile phones and the latest figures show that there are over 1.2 billion mobile phone users and 600 million smartphone users in India

    • This has improved development for different groups, who are now able to start businesses because of online digital payments rather than travelling to a bank

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Jacque Cartwright

Author: Jacque Cartwright

Expertise: Geography Content Creator

Jacque graduated from the Open University with a BSc in Environmental Science and Geography before doing her PGCE with the University of St David’s, Swansea. Teaching is her passion and has taught across a wide range of specifications – GCSE/IGCSE and IB but particularly loves teaching the A-level Geography. For the past 5 years Jacque has been teaching online for international schools, and she knows what is needed to get the top scores on those pesky geography exams.

Bridgette Barrett

Reviewer: Bridgette Barrett

Expertise: Geography Lead

After graduating with a degree in Geography, Bridgette completed a PGCE over 25 years ago. She later gained an MA Learning, Technology and Education from the University of Nottingham focussing on online learning. At a time when the study of geography has never been more important, Bridgette is passionate about creating content which supports students in achieving their potential in geography and builds their confidence.

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