Denotation - AP® English Definition

Denotation is the literal, dictionary definition of a word, without any emotional or cultural meaning added. In AP English, students learn that denotation is important for understanding a word’s basic meaning before exploring its deeper or implied meanings.

Writers may rely on denotation for clarity, or contrast it with a word’s connotation to add layers of meaning. Knowing both helps students analyse how language shapes tone, mood, and meaning in a text.

Example of denotation in an AP English text

In Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, the word “soft” has a simple denotation: something smooth or gentle to touch.

Lennie loves to touch soft things, but the word also gains emotional weight as the story progresses. While the denotation stays the same, Steinbeck uses it to hint at danger and tragedy, showing how even innocent desires can lead to harm.