Question 1(b) Model Answer: Letter (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE English Language): Revision Note

Question 1(b) is a directed writing task. You will be asked to write a discursive, argumentative or persuasive piece based on two reading texts.

You will be asked to write in a specific form. This will be one of:

• A speech

• A letter

• An article

• A report

The following guide will help you to structure your response in the style of a letter.

Addressing the reading assessment objectives

Up to 10 marks are available in this task for your ability to evaluate both the explicit and implied ideas, opinions and attitudes expressed in one or two texts, and assimilate them to write a developed and sophisticated response.

Let’s take a look at how you do this, using the following example:

Your response here has to be based on the ideas, opinions and attitudes contained in the following two texts:

Text A

The following text, written by a parent, is about being able to speak more than one language.

Everyone knows that it's intriguing to watch your children change over the years. But to hear them alter their language, over the course of a few weeks, is almost surreal. Until we moved to their mother's country, Italy, my children had always lived in England and their English was what you would expect: fluent and full of pre-teen playground slang.

What's breath-taking since we moved isn't just their language acquisition, it's the way their personalities subtly shift. Our eldest daughter, abrupt at the best of times, is strangely sweet in Italian; the middle child, our funny girl in English, is precise and serious; and the youngest is even more boisterous in Italian.

I, too, feel altered. If you're a writer, and words are your currency, hopefully you're eloquent. But when you live in a language not your own, however, fluent you are, your accent is ever obvious and you lack the nuances. Humour is hard. In a language as melodious as Italian, you will always be blunt. The children, though, will hopefully become what I can never be: truly bilingual.

Until recently, bilingualism was considered damaging to a child's development. If, for example, immigrants maintained a mother tongue at home, it would impede integration at school and probably lead to academic regression. These ideas changed with growing research on the brains and behaviour of bilingual children leading some to believe that bilingualism may offer some advantages.

Research also suggests that being bilingual increases your ability to empathise, to see a situation from another's perspective and there's some evidence that bilingual people develop dementia later than monolinguals. A flexibility of mind makes multi-tasking less problematic for bilinguals, apparently.

It would be very easy to become smug, but there are clear drawbacks as well as advantages. The verbal aptitude of bilinguals in each language is generally less than that of monolingual speakers; the vocabulary size is smaller and there is a slower response time for understanding and producing words.

It's as if some bilinguals can speak, say, 95 per cent of two languages, rather than 100 per cent of one. If children are to be articulate and sophisticated language users, that missing 5 per cent is a major hole, especially if you want them fully to appreciate the culture of both. And people lose old languages, or don't gain new ones, for reasons that have nothing to do with a careful measurement of potential benefits.

In another language, you don't just learn new words, or sounds, but new notions. It's like putting on different spectacles and seeing the world with different eyes. You gain a different perspective and sometimes, if you're lucky, you become more, rather than less, eloquent.

Text B

The following text is about being bilingual.

Being able to switch between two or more languages in conversation is pretty cool. This week a study from the University of Washington found that bilingual babies will have developed 'better' brains before they even utter a first word. But it's not all brain development and top grades.

It's true people will find you cultured, worldly and intelligent, even though you probably didn't have a choice about learning an extra language. You either picked it up as a baby or you were forced to learn it when you moved to another country. But bilingual people are rarely equally proficient in both languages and it's easy to make mistakes in one language or the other. It takes real effort to keep both if you don't use them equally. Many people lose one of their languages over time.

An extra language makes you more marketable for employers since the 21st century world is a globalised economy. If employees can speak another language they can interact with more of the world, provided they have the range of vocabulary and fluency for a professional setting. Some bilinguals have been educated in a language they don't speak outside of school or college. They might be fluent there but not so much in the big, wide world.

Your first language can keep you in touch with your roots wherever you go, through books or through music. Although I moved to the UK when I was 10 and absorbed much of the surrounding culture, I'll never forget where I'm from since my mother frequently likes to remind me of proverbs that really don't make much sense in English.

Apparently, those who speak different languages can experience personality changes when switching from one to another. That explains why my friends say I sound angry when I'm on the phone to my parents!

This task asks you to evaluate the views given in both texts about a relative's potential move to another country, and give your own views on the subject, based on what you have read. Your response might use the following ideas from these texts:

Text A:

• “Pre-teens” pick up a new language quickly

• New languages can change young people’s personalities

• Picking up on nuance and being able to express humour in a new language is hard

• Arguably, true bilingualism is not possible

• Accents are always obvious

• Attitudes to bilingualism have changed with research

• Bilingualism can help with empathy and help people to see different perspectives

• There is some evidence that bilingualism could protect against dementia and makes our minds more flexible

• But it can make people less articulate/developed in both languages

• Bilingualism can be very enriching and help you to become more eloquent

Text B:

• Gaining a second language is not always a choice

• It can make you a more interesting person

• Bilingual people are rarely equally proficient in both languages and it is easy to make mistakes

• Languages can be lost without effort

• Being able to speak an extra language can make you more employable

• It is not always possible to be fluent in more than one context

• Retaining your first language helps you keep your link to your culture

• Switching from one language to another can lead to personality changes

Planning your response

Before you write your response, you should spend five minutes planning your written response. In your plan:

• Decide on your “voice” and point of view:

  • Write a statement that summarises your point of view, based on your reading

• Note down which points you can develop that support your point of view

• Decide whether you are going to make a counter-argument, and note down which points you can develop to support this

• Return to your main argument, ensuring that you have included ideas and opinions from both texts (if more than one)

• Note down the points you can make to address the second bullet point in the task

• Note down how you are going to start and finish your response, ensuring that it establishes the correct style and tone

Question 1(b) letter model answer

The following model answer demonstrates a top-mark response to the above task:

Summary

• Remember to read the question carefully and highlight:

  • What you are writing, who your audience is and why you are writing

  • The focus of each bullet point

• Read the text(s) and highlight the relevant information that could be developed in your answer:

  • Bullet-point this information in your own words

• Plan your writing, focusing on one main idea or opinion per paragraph

• Address each bullet point in order:

  • Make sure you cover all of the bullet points as equally as possible

• Decide on the voice and style you want to create and maintain that in your answer

• Do not just repeat details from the text(s):

  • You need to evaluate and develop the ideas, opinions and attitudes in the text(s) — you are not summarising them