Electoral Systems (Edexcel A Level Politics): Exam Questions

Exam code: 9PL0

3 hours6 questions
1
30 marks

Look at Source

The following two paragraphs give two sides of a contested debate considering whether referendums since 1997 have promoted democracy or instead have really served other political purposes.

The case for referendums promoting democracy

Referendums since 1997 have had a positive impact on political life and widened democracy. They have given a definitive answer on contested topics shaping the direction that the UK takes, be that devolution, membership of the EU or the rejection of alternative voting systems. Referendums add legitimacy to major constitutional changes. In Scotland 16- and 17-year-olds voted making choices about their future in referendums, thus widening participation. They have re-invigorated political life and opened up honest debate with their high turnouts and renewed activity in current events. They are a source of political education that engage the public and are a true injection of direct democracy.

The claims against the use of referendums

Referendums have been held for the benefit of the governing political parties, often settling their internal disputes, never for public benefit. New Labour liked to be popular and a series of ‘yes’ votes added to the idea of popularity. New Labour wanted to ensure its dominance in Scotland where it drew a large number of seats. New Labour later tired of referendums. The Conservatives agreed to a referendum on voting reform – not much of a choice as the vote was not about proportional representation. In reality, the referendum was a price to pay for the support of the Liberal Democrats to enter the coalition. Then the EU referendum. This was not a democratic move for the people of the UK. The referendum was an outright attempt by the Conservative Party to stop UKIP in its tracks. In the end it was a battle fought over false claims. Such a close result as the one on the EU has limited legitimacy. A leading Brexiter, Steve Baker, accepts that major referendums should require 60% approval to be effective and valid.

Using the source, evaluate the view that referendums since 1997 have not supported democracy but have been used for other political purposes.

In your response you must:

  • compare and contrast the different opinions in the source

  • examine and debate these views in a balanced way

  • analyse and evaluate only the information presented in the source.

2
30 marks

Evaluate the view that referendums held in the UK since 1997 have brought more disadvantages than advantages.

You must consider this view and the alternative to this view in a balanced way.

3
30 marks

The source depicts the weaknesses and strengths of first-past-the-post (FPTP) and considers that systems of proportional representation in use in the devolved bodies are a much better alternative.

First-past-the-post (FPTP) has weathered the test of time and proved it works. It has produced governments with working majorities in 18 of the 20 elections since 1945. It keeps extremism at bay and secures close and productive links between MPs and their constituencies. It is simple and quick in operation and allows the voters to rid themselves of governments which have failed, and enables the political system to break into new political ground as in 1979 and 1997. It delivers accountability and provides the basis for a clear mandate to govern.

Twice (1951 and February 1974) FPTP has made the loser the winner. It remains in use at Westminster because it benefits the Labour and Conservative parties. It is the distorting mirror of British politics. In the devolved bodies, methods of proportional representation (PR) such as the additional-member system (AMS) more faithfully reflect how people vote. PR systems allow the voice of other parties into political debate and government. For example, the single-transferable-vote (STV), as used in Northern Ireland, takes power away from political parties and delivers choice to the voters. The devolved bodies would have failed if FPTP had been used; their success depended on PR being used instead.

Using the source, evaluate the view – with specific reference to at least one devolved region using an alternative electoral system – that the case for PR to replace the Westminster FPTP voting system has now been established.

In your response you must:

  • compare and contrast different opinions in the source

  • examine and debate these views in a balanced way

  • analyse and evaluate only the information presented in the source.

4
30 marks

Evaluate the view that the emergence of multiple parties in the UK means that the Westminster electoral system must be changed.

You must consider this view and the alternative to this view in a balanced way

5
30 marks

Evaluate the view that the various electoral systems in use in the UK make significant differences to party representation.

You must consider this view and the alternative to this view in a balanced way.

6
30 marks

This source is adapted from a Hansard report of a debate in the House of Commons held in October 2017. More than 100,000 people had signed a petition calling for the introduction of proportional representation for elections to the Westminster parliament. Here are extracts from the speeches made by Steve Double MP (Conservative Party) and Caroline Lucas MP (Green Party).

Steve Double MP

Proportional representation will damage democracy by putting more power into the hands of parties. First-past-the-post (FPTP) invariably delivers strong and stable government. Votes are not wasted for we have seen turnout increase in recent times. It is clear and easy to understand. In addition it prevents extremist parties from gaining seats. There is a direct link between the MP and their constituency. The FPTP system enables us to exchange our strongly, passionately held views in the House of Commons. My party is committed to FPTP as the best system for this country.

Caroline Lucas MP

FPTP is damaging the legitimacy of our system of governance. A winner-takes-all approach to elections promotes adversarial politics. It encourages each of the major parties to seek to defeat their opposition completely, negating the need for postelection cooperation. Policy is likely to change dramatically when governments change. Countries with proportional representation (PR) systems outperform those with FPTP systems; PR would be likely to encourage more people to vote. It is very hard to persuade people to vote when they live in so-called ‘safe seats’. We would also improve the chances of electing a parliament that better reflects modern Britain.

(Sourced from: Crown Copyright)

Using the source, evaluate the view that proportional representation would improve elections to the House of Commons.

In your response you must:

  • compare and contrast different opinions in the source

  • examine and debate these views in a balanced way

  • analyse and evaluate only the information presented in the source.