Functionalism (AQA A Level Sociology): Revision Note

Functionalism

• Functionalism is a consensus theory that seeks to explain why the structure of modern societies tends to remain relatively stable, orderly, and well-organised

• Social structure refers to the way society is organised economically, politically, and socially

Society as a social system

• Society is viewed as a system made up of interdependent social institutions (e.g., the family, education, and law)

  • They work together to maintain social order and meet the needs of its members

  • They meet society's needs by carrying out functions that guarantee its survival

• This is often explained using the biological analogy

  • Just like the organs in the human body, each has a function that keeps the body alive and healthy; social institutions each perform vital roles that keep society functioning smoothly

• Functionalism focuses on the positive functions that social institutions perform rather than the negative aspects

The functions of the social system

• Functionalists argue that social institutions perform three main functions to maintain consensus, cooperation, and social order:

  • Value consensus

    • Individuals are socialised into sharing common values, norms, and beliefs

    • This agreement on what’s right and wrong creates social unity and reduces conflict

    • E.g., the education system teaches shared values like punctuality, respect, and hard work, helping people cooperate in public life

  • Social integration

    • A shared culture and common identity help individuals feel part of something bigger than themselves

    • This sense of belonging leads to solidarity and a stable society

    • E.g., national events like the King's Coronation bring people together, reinforcing a sense of national identity and unity

  • Specialised division of labour

    • Society is organised so that people take on specific roles and jobs

    • This ensures that all necessary tasks are carried out for society to function

    • E.g., education prepares individuals for different positions in the workplace

Evaluation of functionalism

Strengths

• Highlights the importance of social order

  • It shows how institutions like education and the family work together to maintain cohesion and prevent chaos

Criticisms

• Overlooks dysfunction

  • It tends to ignore the negative aspects of institutions; e.g., the family is not always positive—issues like domestic abuse can cause serious harm

• Assumes harmony and consensus

  • It wrongly assumes that everyone in society benefits equally

  • Critics argue it fails to recognise inequalities in power, class, gender, and race

• Neglects individual agency

  • Functionalism sees individuals as shaped by society, but interactionist theorists argue that individuals also shape society through their choices and actions