Practical & Ethical Factors Influencing Choice of Methods (AQA A Level Sociology): Revision Note

One of the key stages of planning research is deciding which method(s) to use

Sociologists must consider both practical and ethical factors when deciding on a research topic, selecting appropriate methods, and carrying out the investigation

Researchers may choose topics that

• have a practical use (e.g., improve education)

• are fundable or align with societal interests

• enhance their reputation by researching a fashionable topic

The choice of topic may be influenced by

• government policy priorities

• researcher’s background or values, e.g., interest in gender inequality

• access to particular groups of people, e.g., gang members, who may not wish to have their activities monitored

Sociologists' choice of research method is influenced by the following practical factors:

• Cost: some methods (like unstructured interviews) are expensive; others (like analysing official statistics) are cheaper

• Time available: limited time may require quicker methods like questionnaires instead of in-depth interviews

• Subject matter: sensitive topics may need more private or informal methods

• Sample size & access:

  • Gaining access to certain groups (e.g., gangs) may be difficult

  • Large samples require more resources

• Type of data required:

  • Quantitative (e.g., surveys) vs. qualitative (e.g., observations, interviews) or a mix of both

  • Funding bodies may prefer easily quantifiable data (e.g. statistics) and large-scale surveys

• Characteristics of the researcher: the age, gender, ethnicity, and social background of the researcher can influence the choice of research method, as these traits may affect how participants respond or engage with them

  • E.g., working-class individuals might be less open or trusting when interviewed by a middle-class academic

• Personal skills of a researcher:

  • Some methods (e.g., interviews) require good communication skills

  • Not all researchers are suited to every method

The British Sociological Association (BSA) provides a set of ethical guidelines that researchers are expected to follow when planning and carrying out sociological research

Sociologists' choice of research method is influenced by the following practical factors:

• Informed consent: Participants should know they are being studied and agree voluntarily

• Honesty: Researchers must

  • avoid deceiving their participants

  • clearly state the purpose of the research to participants

• Confidentiality and privacy:

  • Identities of participants must be kept private

  • Researchers have a duty to protect sensitive information and ensure anonymity

• Harm to participants:

  • Researchers must ensure participants are not harmed (emotionally, physically, or psychologically).

  • This includes avoiding stressful questions or situations

Extra care is needed when studying:

• children

• people with learning difficulties

• those with mental health conditions

Informed consent is needed from parents/guardians, and information must be clearly explained

Involves studying people without their knowledge

Raises issues of informed consent and deception

It may be justified when access is otherwise impossible

• E.g., studying criminal groups