Structuring a Line of Argument (DP IB Extended Essay): Revision Note

How do you build a coherent line of argument?

Defining a line of argument

• A line of argument—a sustained, logical thread of reasoning that runs through the essay—is the foundation of a successful inquiry

• The argument must be clearly derived from the research question (RQ), which acts as the starting point for all investigation

• A coherent argument creates logical connections that help the reader follow the researcher's position and understand why certain choices were made

• Criterion C assesses analysis and line of argument: how effectively you analyse evidence and sustain a coherent argument that links your research question, findings and conclusions

The argument development model

• Building an argument is an iterative process that evolves as the student gathers more information

  • Drafting the claim—the initial position or stance a researcher takes regarding their topic

  • Planning the reasoning—the process of determining the logical steps required to support a specific position

  • Gathering evidence—collecting research findings that provide data-driven support for the argument

  • Planning the flow—deciding the order in which points will be presented to ensure the argument unfolds effectively

  • Refining the claim—revisiting and adjusting the original position to ensure it remains valid based on the final research

Using claims and counterclaims

• A strong argument is built on claims—clear assertions or statements that are supported by reasoned analysis and evidence

• A balanced discussion—an academic review that considers multiple perspectives rather than just one—is required for high marks

• Researchers must engage with counterclaims—arguments or evidence that challenge the main line of reasoning

  • Engaging with contradictory evidence actually strengthens the argument rather than weakening it

  • This practice shows the researcher is aware of the uncertainties or controversies within their field of study

  • Contradictory findings can be used to discuss the limitations of a theory or to provide a more nuanced answer to the RQ,

Establishing logical progression

• Logical progression—the intentional and sustained set of connections between the different parts of the essay

• Remember — the PEELL structure is a useful technique for maintaining this progression at the paragraph level

• Signposts—organisational tools like headings and clear transitions—guide the reader through the details of the evidence

Themes and structural elements

• Arguments are often organised around themes—central ideas or categories that allow the researcher to group related findings logically,

• The line of argument must be visible throughout the three-part academic structure,

  • The introduction provides an early insight into the intended direction of the argument

  • The body uses analysis and evaluation to build the argument step-by-step

  • The conclusion synthesises the findings to provide a final response without introducing new ideas