Divisions between Realism & Liberalism (Edexcel A Level Politics): Revision Note

Realism focuses less on human nature and more on state behaviour

However, as states are run by humans, realist assumptions about human nature shape how states act

Humans are seen as self-interested and competitive

They are considered rational, but motivated by survival rather than morality

Human behaviour is often viewed as greedy, egotistical and power-seeking

Liberalism places strong emphasis on the individual and therefore pays close attention to human nature

Humans are viewed as optimistic and capable of progress.

Individuals are seen as having a natural desire for human rights and equality

Human beings are considered rational, able to learn from experience

Human nature is viewed as flexible and adaptable, rather than fixed

Liberals believe humans are universally connected, encouraging cooperation beyond borders

Power is the central concept in realism

It is the main driving force behind state behaviour and global politics

States seek power to ensure survival and security in an anarchic international system

As a result, global politics is understood as a constant struggle for power between states

Liberals see power as potentially dangerous if concentrated in the hands of the state

Power is often viewed as something that can limit individual freedom and potential

While the state is important, liberals recognise the influence of non-state actors such as international organisations, NGOs and individuals

Order and security is only considered from within the state

They do not believe that a global world order truly exists

It is the responsibility of state governments to maintain their own order and security

Conflict between states is inevitable

Maintaining order and security is the responsibility the global community

Conflict is avoidable according to the Democratic Peace Theory if citizens of a democratic states have rights and justice

Cooperation is the key to avoiding and resolving conflict

International organisations are tools of powerful states who use them for their own benefit

Any cooperation as a result of international organisations is fragile at best

International organisations are very impactful in several areas, including

• Development, trade and economic stability

• Human rights and justice

• Preventing and resolving conflict