Key Terms: Globalisation Critique (AQA A Level Geography): Revision Note

Globalisation: The debate - key terms

Cultural erosion – The process by which traditional cultures and languages are weakened or lost due to the spread of dominant global (often Western) values and media, such as the decline of indigenous languages.

Cultural integration – The sharing and mixing of cultural traits across borders, leading to greater awareness and diversity, e.g. the global popularity of K-pop.

Economic growth – A major benefit of globalisation where trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), and industrial expansion increase national income and employment.

Environmental degradation – Damage to the natural environment resulting from global industrial activities, increased transport, and resource exploitation.

Exploitation – The unfair treatment or use of workers or natural resources for economic gain, e.g. unsafe working conditions in sweatshops.

FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) – Investment made by a company in one country into facilities or operations in another country, often increasing employment and economic activity.

Global governance – The increasing cooperation between countries to manage global issues, such as through agreements like the Paris Climate Accord.

Globalisation – The growing interconnectedness of countries through the flow of goods, services, capital, people, and ideas.

Inequality – A key critique of globalisation referring to the widening gap between the richest and poorest both within and between nations.

Injustice and conflict – Social tensions and disputes arising from exploitation, low wages, or unsafe working environments, e.g. the Rana Plaza disaster in Bangladesh.

Living standards – Improved by globalisation in many countries through investment in healthcare, education, and infrastructure.

Multiplier effect – Economic benefits of globalisation can lead to further investment and job creation, compounding growth.

Political stability – Enhanced by global interdependence, as trade and cooperation make conflict less desirable.

Structural unemployment – Job losses resulting from global shifts in manufacturing and services, especially in traditional industrial sectors.

Tax avoidance – Easier for multinational companies due to complex international operations, often reducing public revenues in host countries.

Trade and investment – Fundamental aspects of globalisation, helping to reduce poverty and boost development in emerging economies.

Unequal wealth distribution – A consequence of globalisation where a small percentage of the global population holds a large proportion of the wealth.

Westernisation – The dominance of Western cultural and economic practices, often leading to the decline of local traditions and values.