Exam code: 4SD0
An electric kettle is connected to the 230 V mains supply. The power of the kettle is 960 W.
A power of 960 watts is the same as
960 joules per coulomb
960 joules per second
960 newtons per metre
960 newtons per second
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The diagram shows a coal-fired power station.
In which part of the power station is heat energy usefully transferred to a kinetic energy store?
boiler
turbine
transformer
wires
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When a book from a low shelf is placed on a higher shelf, the book gains
gravitational potential energy
mass
weight
work
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A soldering iron is a tool used when joining electronic components in a circuit. It has an electric heater.
Soldering iron A operates when connected to the mains supply.
Soldering iron A
Soldering iron A is labelled 230 V, 30 W.
What does 30 W tell you about the energy transfer in the soldering iron?
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Which unit is the same as a power of 1 watt?
1 joule per coulomb (1 J/C)
1 joule per second (1 J/s)
1 newton per square metre (1 N/m2)
1 newton per kilogram (1 N/kg)
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A person has a suitcase with wheels.
The person pulls the suitcase with a horizontal force of 13 N for 110 m.
(i) State the equation linking work done, force and distance moved.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the work done on the suitcase by the person.
work done = ............................................... J[2]
(iii) How much energy is transferred to the suitcase?
energy transferred = ............................................... J[1]
The suitcase falls over.
Explain why it loses gravitational potential energy when it falls.
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The photograph shows equipment used for generating electricity from renewable sources.
On a windy day, the wind turbine transfers 78 W of power.
(i) State the equation linking power, energy transferred and time.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the amount of energy the turbine transfers in 10 s.
[3]
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A man uses a wheelbarrow to carry some logs along a flat path, as shown.
He pushes with a horizontal force of 140 N and the wheelbarrow moves 39 m.
State the relationship between work done, force and distance moved.
(i) Calculate the work done moving the wheelbarrow.
Work done = .........................[2]
(ii) State how much energy is transferred to the wheelbarrow.
Energy transferred = ..............................[1]
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Supermarkets use conveyer belts to move shopping at the till. The diagram shows a carton of milk being pulled along by a horizontal conveyer belt.
The horizontal force on the carton from the belt is 1.7 N. The carton moves a distance of 0.46 m.
State the equation linking work done, force and distance.
(i) Calculate the work done moving the carton.
Work done = ..................... [2]
(ii) State how much energy is transferred to the carton.
Energy transferred = ........................ J[1]
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The photograph shows a machine at a coal mine.
© Andrew Curtis
The machine lifts a load weighing 400 000 N through 190 m.
(i) State the relationship between work done, force and distance moved.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the work done on the load.
Work done on load = ....................... J[2]
The machine uses an average (mean) power of 1.9 MW to do 67 MJ of work.
(i) Calculate the time needed to do this work.
Time = .................. s[3]
(ii) State the effect of using a lower average power to do this work.
[1]
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A flying squirrel is an animal that can glide through the air. It spreads out its limbs to stretch out a membrane that helps it to glide.
© Robert Savannah
The mass of a flying squirrel is 0.19 kg. It climbs 17 m up a tree.
(i) State the equation linking gravitational potential energy (GPE), mass, g and height.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the GPE gained by the squirrel during this climb.
GPE = .................. J[2]
(iii) State the amount of work done against the force of gravity by the squirrel during this climb.
Work done = .................... J[1]
The flying squirrel glides from P to Q with a velocity of 13 m/s.
(i) Add labelled arrows to the diagram to show the directions of the forces of weight and drag acting on the squirrel.
[2]
(ii) State the equation linking kinetic energy (KE), mass and velocity.
[1]
(iii) Calculate the KE of the squirrel as it glides.
KE = ..................... J[2]
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A resistance band is a stretchy plastic band that is used when doing exercises. The diagram shows a student exercising his leg by stretching a resistance band fixed to a wall.
The student moves his leg 34 cm sideways as shown. The average resistance force is 23 N.
(i) State the relationship between work done, force and distance moved.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the work done when the student moves his leg sideways once.
Work done = ........................ J[2]
The student repeats this movement 15 times in 1 minute. Calculate the average power of the student during this exercise.
Power = ....................... W
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A shopping centre has escalators to move people between floors.
A man of mass 78 kg steps on to an escalator. The escalator lifts him a height of 5.0 m.
State the equation linking gravitational potential energy, mass, g and height.
(i) Show that the gravitational potential energy gained by the man is about 4000 J.
[2]
(ii) State the work done on the man and give the unit.
Work done = ............................ Unit ..............................[2]
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A student investigates the energy transfers in a small generator. She connects the generator to a circuit that includes a lamp. She hangs a mass from a string wound around the axle. The lamp lights as the mass falls to the ground.
The table shows the student’s results.
height that mass falls | 0.61 m |
mass | 2.75 kg |
time taken for mass to fall | 1.3 s |
average current in the lamp | 0.46 A |
average voltage across the lamp | 12.7 V |
(i) State the equation linking gravitational potential energy, mass, g and height.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the gravitational potential energy, GPE, lost by the mass.
GPE = .................................. J[2]
(i) Explain why only some of the gravitational potential energy of the mass is transferred to the lamp.
[2]
(ii) Calculate the energy transferred to the lamp.
Energy transferred = ................................ J[2]
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A car pulls a caravan along a horizontal road.
The car pulls the caravan with a resultant force of 170 N for a distance of 110 m.
(i) State the equation linking work done, force and distance.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the work done by the car on the caravan.
work done = ....................J[2]
(iii) State how much energy is transferred to the caravan.
energy transferred = ....................J[1]
The mass of the car is 1650 kg.
The mass of the caravan is 950 kg.
(i) State the equation linking kinetic energy, mass and velocity.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the total kinetic energy when the car and caravan travel together at a constant speed of 23 m/s.
Total kinetic energy = .................J[3]
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The diagram shows a roller-coaster ride. The car is pulled slowly from the start to point B and then released.
Choose letters from the diagram to complete this sentence.
The car has the most gravitational potential energy at point ........................... and it goes fastest at point ......................... .
The mass of the car is 900 kg. The maximum speed of the car is 15 m/s.
(i) State the relationship between momentum, mass and velocity.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the maximum momentum of the car. Give the unit.
[3]
(iii) State the equation linking kinetic energy (KE), mass and speed.
[1]
(iv) Calculate the maximum KE of the car.
Maximum KE = ...................... J[2]
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A coal-fired power station and a wind turbine both produce electrical power. The power station produces 1200 MW and the wind turbine produces 1.5 MW.
Give one advantage of using wind turbines instead of a coal-fired power station to produce electricity.
Coal-fired power stations are still in general use.
Explain why wind turbines have not replaced them.
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Some energy sources are renewable and other energy sources are non-renewable.
(i) Explain what is meant by the term non-renewable.
[1]
(ii) Give an example of a non-renewable energy source.
[1]
The photograph shows a wind farm that generates electricity for the National Grid.
(i) Some wind farms are in remote areas.
Explain how the power is transmitted to large cities.
[3]
(ii) Some people think that wind farms are a good idea. Others disagree.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of building more wind farms.
[6]
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A ball has a mass of 0.25 kg. A student holds the ball 1.75 m above the ground.
(i) State the equation linking gravitational potential energy (GPE), mass, g and height.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the gravitational potential energy of the ball.
GPE = .......................... J[2]
The student lets the ball fall.
State the value of the kinetic energy (KE) of the ball just before it hits the ground.
Assume that there is no air resistance.
KE = ........................... J
Another ball with the same mass has a kinetic energy of 3.1 J.
(i) State the equation linking kinetic energy, mass and speed.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the speed of the ball.
Speed = .............................. m/s[3]
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The photograph shows a small aeroplane, of mass 600 kg.
This aeroplane has an electric motor powered by fuel cells. Fuel cells use hydrogen gas and provide an electric current.
The velocity of the aeroplane is 28 m/s.
(i) State the equation linking kinetic energy, mass and velocity.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the kinetic energy of the aeroplane.
Kinetic energy = ......................... J[2]
The aeroplane takes off and climbs to a height of 1000 m.
(i) State the equation linking gravitational potential energy (GPE), mass, g and height.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the gravitational potential energy gained by the aeroplane.
[2]
(iii) The fuel cells provide a maximum total power of 24 kW. The aeroplane also carries a large rechargeable battery.
Show, by calculation, that the aeroplane needs this extra source of power to climb to 1000 m in 3 minutes.
[2]
(iv) The aeroplane uses fuel cells connected together in series in a ‘stack’. The voltage of each fuel cell is 0.6 V. The maximum current in each fuel cell is 30 A. Show that there must be more than 1300 fuel cells in the stack.
[2]
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A student has a bicycle with a dynamo (generator) that supplies electricity for its lights. The friction wheel, W, presses against the bicycle tyre. When the student pedals, the friction wheel turns and causes part Y to rotate.
The student cycles for 290 s. Her dynamo produces a constant useful power output of 3.1 W and is 72% efficient.
Calculate the total useful energy output.
Useful energy output = ............................. J
(i) State the relationship between efficiency, useful energy output and total energy input.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the total energy input.
Total energy input = ............................. J[3]
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The table gives information about some ways to generate electrical power.
Type of power station | Maximum output power in MW | Time to reach maximum power | Relative fuel cost |
wind farm | 20 | variable | none |
gas turbine | 600 | 15 minutes | medium |
tidal scheme | 6000 | variable | none |
nuclear power station | 1200 | 2 days | low |
coal-fired power station | 1800 | 3 hours | high |
An electricity supply company has enough power stations to cover the normal demand for electricity but not enough for cold conditions. On cold days the demand for electrical power can suddenly increase by 20 000 MW.
The company needs to build new power stations to meet this increased demand.
Using only information in the table, evaluate which types of power station would be the most suitable to meet this increased demand.
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An energy company plans to build a new power station. The company must decide between two renewable energy projects, a geothermal power station or a solar power station.
Explain how the location and the climate might affect the type of power station that the company chooses.
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The photograph shows a type of rollercoaster.
The car is launched from point A in the photograph, accelerates to point B and then rises over point C.
Each loaded car has a mass of 2000 kg.
C is 128 m above B.
(i) State the equation linking gravitational potential energy, mass, height and gravitational field strength.
[1]
(ii) Show that the gravitational potential energy gained by the car when it rises from B to C is about 2.6 MJ.
[2]
The car gains kinetic energy when work is done on it by the launching system between A and B.
Assume there are no energy losses.
(i) State the minimum kinetic energy that the car must have at B for it to reach C.
[1]
(ii) How is the kinetic energy gained related to the work done?
[1]
(iii) Write down the equation linking work done, force and distance.
[1]
(iv) The launching system provides a force of 32 kN.
Calculate the minimum length of track needed between A and B for the car to reach C.
Length of track = ............................................................ m[2]
Sometimes the car does not reach C, but rolls backwards to the start.
This can happen when it becomes windy or the track becomes wet.
Explain why these conditions could cause the car to stop before it reaches C.
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In 1971, astronaut Alan Shepard hit a golf ball on the surface of the Moon.
The golf ball had a mass of 50 g and he transferred 56 J of energy to it.
(i) State the equation linking kinetic energy, mass and velocity.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the initial velocity of the ball.
initial velocity = ................................................... m/s[3]
At its highest point the ball had gained 12 J of gravitational potential energy.
(i) State the kinetic energy of the ball at its highest point.
kinetic energy = ..............................................................J[1]
(ii) State the equation linking gravitational potential energy, mass, g and height.
[1]
(iii) Calculate the maximum height that the ball reached.
(gravitational field strength on the Moon, g = 1.6 N/kg)
maximum height = ........................................................m[2]
Suggest why the ball travelled further on the Moon than it would have done on Earth.
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The diagram shows a motor lifting a 130 g mass.
The current in the motor is 2.1A and the voltage across it is 12 V. The motor takes 1.5 s to lift the mass.
(i) Calculate the electrical energy transferred to the motor as it lifts the mass. Give your answer to two significant figures.
Energy = ............................ J[3]
(ii) State the equation linking gravitational potential energy, mass, g and height.
[1]
(i) The motor lifts a 130 g mass to a height of 63 cm. Calculate the gravitational potential energy (GPE) gained by the 130 g mass.
GPE = ...................... J[2]
(ii) Why is the amount of GPE gained by the mass less than the amount of electrical energy transferred to the motor?
[2]
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An underground train enters a station.
The mass of the train and its passengers is 250 000 kg.
The total kinetic energy is 18 MJ.
(i) State the relationship between kinetic energy (KE), mass and velocity.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the velocity of the train as it enters the station.
velocity = ......................................... m/s[3]
(iii) The driver applies the brakes to stop the train.
State what happens to the kinetic energy of the train.
[1]
The diagram shows a section through the station.
(i) The passengers who use the station are carried from platform level to street level in a lift.
Explain why these passengers gain gravitational potential energy in the lift, even when they are below ground.
[2]
(ii) The tunnel is designed so that the trains go up a slope as they enter the station and go down a slope as they leave.
The driver uses brakes to stop the train in the station and a motor to make the train move away.
Explain how the sloping parts of the tunnel affect the amount of work that needs to be done on the train by the brakes and by the motor.
[4]
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A student investigates how the energies of a ball and spring change when the ball and spring vibrate together.
The diagrams and bar charts show how the energies of the ball and spring vary with the position of the ball.
The ball has a mass of 1 kg.
GPE = gravitational potential energy of the ball (zero at ground level)
KE = kinetic energy of the ball
EPE = elastic potential energy of the spring
Use information from the diagrams and the bar charts to describe what happens to the energy, speed and position of the ball as it vibrates on the spring.
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