Benefits and problems of tourism (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Geography): Revision Note

Income generation:

• Tourism significantly boosts GDP in many countries, such as the Maldives and Thailand

Foreign exchange earnings:

• International tourists spend money on travel, accommodations, food, and other services, which helps stabilise a country's local currency

• This helps finance imports and invest in building new infrastructure

Job creation:

• This includes direct employment in hotels, guiding, and transport, as well as indirect employment in construction, agriculture, and retail

Multiplier effect:

• When tourists spend money, it circulates in the local economy and helps suppliers and service providers

Improving infrastructure:

• Roads, airports, and public facilities often enhance services for tourists and benefit locals too

Cultural exchange:

• Tourism builds understanding between cultures and boosts global awareness

Preservation of culture:

• Tourism encourages the preservation of traditional crafts, festivals, and heritage sites

Improved services:

• Tourism development often improves healthcare, education, and infrastructure in local communities

Social mobility and employment:

• Tourism creates job opportunities, including apprenticeships for young people, particularly in rural and coastal areas

• It also supports social mobility by providing opportunities for career development

Education:

• Tourism encourages learning new languages and skills

Community belonging:

• People in host communities feel more connected to their surroundings than those in non-host areas

Conservation funding:

• Entrance fees and ecotourism fund wildlife conservation and protected areas

Awareness raising:

• Tourism raises awareness of environmental issues and promotes global stewardship

Restoration projects:

• Tourism revenue funds habitat restoration and sustainable resource management

Education:

• Guided tours, educational programmes, and volunteer opportunities teach tourists about the importance of environmental protection

Community engagement:

• Tourism can build community pride and encourage local people to protect their natural resources

Wildlife protection:

• Tourism deters poaching and illegal activities by increasing human presence in protected areas

Seasonal jobs in tourism lead to job insecurity and fluctuating income

Low wages:

• Many tourism jobs pay low wages and provide few opportunities for career advancement

Economic leakages:

• Profits can flow to foreign-owned companies instead of helping the local economy

Over-reliance:

• Dependence on tourism makes economies vulnerable to global shocks like pandemics, recessions, and conflict

Acculturation:

• This is where culture becomes a product

  Traditions change or are performed to satisfy tourists, resulting in a loss of local language and traditional values

Social tensions:

• An influx of tourists may cause locals to feel resentment if the benefits are not shared fairly, such as a loss of access to local sites (beaches, forests, etc.)

Inflation can cause the prices of land, housing, and goods to rise, making life harder for local residents

Disruption of local life:

• Local life suffers from overcrowding, traffic congestion, and noise pollution, which lower the quality of life for residents

Tourist numbers cause environmental degradation, leading to footpath erosion, coral reef damage, deforestation, and wildlife disturbance

Pollution comes from waste, sewage, and air pollution caused by transport and tourism facilities

Resource pressure occurs when resorts in fragile environments, like arid regions and islands, use too much water and energy

Carbon footprint:

• Air travel produces a lot of CO₂ emissions, which adds to climate change