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From Models to Materials (DP IB Chemistry: HL): Exam Questions

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1a1 mark

State why elements are found at the bottom of a triangular bonding diagram.

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1b2 marks

Suggest the position of ionic and covalent materials within a triangular bonding diagram. Explain your answer. 

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1c2 marks

Name the x-axis and y-axis on a standard triangular bonding diagram.

x-axis: ..................................................

y-axis: ..................................................

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1d1 mark

Using sections 9 and 17 of the data booklet, plot nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) on the triangular bonding diagram.

Graph showing a triangular plot with "Difference in electronegativity" on the y-axis and "Average electronegativity" on the x-axis.

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2a2 marks

The structure of a synthetic polyester is shown below.

6-6_q2a-ocr-a-as--a-level-easy-sq

Deduce the structures of two monomers used to make this polyester.

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2b1 mark

One of the monomers is called benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid. State the name of the other one.

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2c1 mark

Name the other product of the reaction between the two monomers in b).

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2d1 mark

Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid will also react to form a polyamide.

Which of the three molecules could react with benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid to form a polyamide?

Chemical structures of molecules P, Q, and R; P has two amide groups, Q is amino acid glycine, R is 1,3-diaminopropane, with carbon, nitrogen, oxygen atoms.

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3a2 marks

Repeating monomer units can be manipulated in various ways to give polymers with different properties.

i) Draw the structural formula of 2-chloropropene.

[1]

ii) Deduce the repeating unit of poly(2-chloropropene).

[1]

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3b1 mark

Poly(2-chloropropene) is formed by the addition polymerisation of 2-chloropene. Deduce the percentage atom economy for this polymerisation reaction.

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3c3 marks

Poly(2-chloropropene) is a strong, unreactive, and water-resistant material.

i) Explain why the polymer is strong.

[1]

ii) Explain why the polymer is unreactive.

[1]

iii) Explain why the polymer is water-resistant.

[1]

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1a3 marks

The type of bonding and percentage ionic / covalent character of binary compounds can be deduced using triangular bonding diagrams.

Using section 9 of the data booklet, complete the table by calculating Σχ and Δχ for the given compounds.

Compound

Σχ

Δχ

Ammonia

 

 

Graphite

 

 

Silicon dioxide

 

 

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1b3 marks

Use data from sections 9 and 17 of the data booklet to determine the percentage covalent character and bonding type in the following compounds:

i) BBr3 

[1]

ii) BeH2 

[1]

iii) SrMg

[1]

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1c1 mark

Deduce the element that is found in the bottom left of a triangular bonding diagram by using sections 9 and 17 of the data booklet.

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2a4 marks

Poly(phenylethene) is widely used as a polymer for many purposes such as packaging. The structure of poly(phenylethene) is shown below. 

Chemical structure of polystyrene with four repeating units, each showing a benzene ring attached to a carbon chain backbone, along with hydrogen atoms.

i) State the type of polymerisation required to form poly(phenylethene).

[1]

ii) Draw the monomer used to form poly(phenylethene). 

[1]

iii) Suggest why the monomer is liquid at room temperature but the polymer poly(phenylethene) is in the solid state at room temperature.

[2]

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2b5 marks

Terylene was one of the first man-made polymers produced to be used as fibres for clothing. The structures of the two monomers used to make Terylene are shown below. 

Chemical structures of Compound A with a benzene ring, two carboxyl groups, and Compound B, an ethane with two hydroxyl groups.

i) Give the IUPAC names for Compound A and Compound B.

[2]

ii) Draw the structure of the repeating unit produced from these two monomers.

[1]

iii) Give the name of the linkage once the polymer has been formed.

[1]

iv) Explain why this is condensation polymerisation.

[1]

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2c4 marks

Explain why poly(phenylethene) drawn in part (a) is less reactive than Terylene described in part (b).

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3a2 marks

Kevlar is a polymer that is known for its use in bulletproof vests. Part of the structure of a Kevlar molecule is shown below. 

3-6

Draw the structural formulae of the monomers used to form Kevlar. 

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3b4 marks

i) Draw a second strand of Kevlar underneath to show how the strands are attached to one another. 

[2]

Kevlar strand

ii) Use your diagram to explain why Kevlar can be used for making items that require high strength.

[2]

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3c3 marks

Nomex is a condensation polymer related to Kevlar which is used to make the flame-resistant body suits worn by racing drivers. 

The repeating unit of a Nomex molecule is shown below. 

Chemical structure of a polymer repeat unit with benzene rings, carbonyl groups, and amide bonds, denoted by brackets and "(n)" for repetition.

i) Draw the structural formulae of the monomers that are used to manufacture Nomex.

[2]

ii) State the formula of any by-products produced in the manufacture of Nomex.

[1]

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1a3 marks

Substances A, B and C are located in the bonding triangle as shown.

a-b-c-bonding-triangle-diagram

Suggest, giving a reason, a physical property that substances A and B would have in common.

Use the bonding triangle and section 17 of the data booklet.

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1b2 marks

Substance A is an alloy containing a Group 1 metal and a Group 2 metal.

Identify the constituent metals in substance A, giving a reason.

Use the bonding triangle in (a) and section 9 of the data booklet.

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1c3 marks

Silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4, is a simple molecular substance, that is used to produce high purity silicon and silica for commercial applications. 

Explain whether silicon tetrachloride would be expected to have a higher or lower boiling point than substance C.

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2a1 mark

Nylon-6,6 and nylon-6,12 are two condensation polymers made from hexane-1,6-diamine and another monomer.

Chemical structures of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6,12, with repeating units showing amide bonds and carbon chains. Both structures are labelled accordingly.

Draw the skeletal formula of the other monomer that could be used to make nylon-6,12

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2b2 marks

Suggest why nylon-6,12 has a lower melting point and lower strength than nylon-6,6.

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2c2 marks

Another type of nylon is nylon-6. Suggest how it is possible to make nylon-6 and draw the repeat unit.

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2d2 marks

Sections of the polymer chain for nylon-6,6 and nylon-6,12 are shown below.

nylon-66

nylon-6,6

nylon-612

nylon-6,12  

Complete the table by adding information about the repeat units. 

Polymer

Nylon-6,6

Nylon-6,12

Group

-CH2-

-CONH -

-CH2-

-CONH-

Number of groups in the repeat units

 

 

 

 

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3a3 marks

Poly(chloroethene), PVC, is a versatile polymer.

Chemical structure of poly(chloroethene), showing a linear chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen and chlorine atoms attached.

Its physical properties can be modified by adding a plasticiser, such as bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, to make it more flexible.

i) Name the monomer used to form poly(chloroethene).

[1]

ii) State the type of polymerisation involved in forming poly(chloroethene).

[1]

iii) Draw the repeating unit for poly(chloroethene).

[1]

How did you do?

3b2 marks

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, shown below, was one of the first plasticisers used to soften poly(chloroethene).

Chemical structure of bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, showing a long carbon chain with ester groups and branching points.

Explain how a plasticiser molecule, like bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, increases the flexibility of PVC.

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3c2 marks

The structure of the plasticiser, bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, is repeated below.

Chemical structure of bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, showing a long carbon chain with ester groups and branching points.

Deduce the two chemicals required to synthesise this molecule.

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3d2 marks

Explain why the chemicals identified in part (c) react to form a small molecule (the plasticiser) and cannot form a long-chain condensation polymer.

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