Define elastic deformation .

Elastic deformation occurs when an object returns to its original shape once the deforming force is removed.

Define inelastic deformation .

Inelastic deformation occurs when an object does not return completely to its original shape, even when the deforming force is removed.

What are the three ways in which forces can change an object's shape?

Stretching , bending , and compressing (a combination of all three can also occur).

Give three examples of materials that undergo elastic deformation.

Rubber bands , fabrics , and steel springs .

When a mass is placed on top of a spring on a flat surface, the weight of the mass and the reaction force from the surface act ______ each other, causing compression.

When a mass is placed on top of a spring on a flat surface, the weight of the mass and the reaction force from the surface act towards each other, causing compression.

True or False? The two forces that stretch or compress a spring always act in the same direction.

False. The two forces act in opposite directions: towards each other for compression, or away from each other for stretching.

Hooke's law states that the extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied, up to the limit of proportionality.

Define the limit of proportionality .

The limit of proportionality is the point beyond which the relationship between force and extension is no longer directly proportional.

How is the extension of a spring calculated?

Final length minus original length .

The higher the ______ , the higher the stiffness of a spring.

The higher the spring constant , the higher the stiffness of a spring.

True or False? The symbol e in the Hooke's law equation can only represent the extension of a spring, never its compression.

False. The symbol e can represent either the extension or the compression of an elastic object.

What does a straight-line (linear) region on a force-extension graph indicate?

The material obeys Hooke's law : force and extension are directly proportional in that region.

What does a curved (non-linear) region on a force-extension graph indicate?

Force and extension are no longer directly proportional ; the material no longer obeys Hooke's law.

Define spring constant .

The spring constant is the force per unit extension needed to extend (or compress) a spring, assuming its limit of proportionality is not exceeded.

If force is plotted on the y -axis and extension on the x -axis, how is the spring constant found from the graph?

It is equal to the gradient of the straight-line (Hooke's law) region.

If extension is plotted on the y -axis and force on the x -axis, how is the spring constant found from the graph?

It is equal to 1 ÷ gradient of the straight-line (Hooke's law) region.

The symbol ∝ means ' ______ '.

The symbol ∝ means ' proportional to '.

True or False? A spring with a steeper straight-line gradient, when force is plotted on the y -axis, has a smaller spring constant.

False. A steeper gradient (force on the y -axis) means a larger spring constant — the spring is stiffer.

Define elastic potential energy .

Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in an elastic object when work is done on the object.

What happens to the work done on a spring if its extension is doubled?

The work done quadruples , since e is squared and 2 2 = 4.

Under what condition is the elastic potential energy equation valid?

The spring must not be stretched beyond its limit of proportionality .

Work done is the transfer of ______ .

Work done is the transfer of energy .

True or False? If the extension of a spring is tripled, the work done on it also triples.

Work done depends on e 2 , so tripling the extension increases the work done ninefold (3 2 = 9).

In the required practical investigating force and extension, what are the independent and dependent variables?

Independent variable: force , F . Dependent variable: extension , e .

What is the control variable in the required practical investigating force and extension?

The spring constant , k (i.e. the same spring is used throughout).

How is the force applied to the spring calculated in this experiment?

By multiplying the mass added (in kg) by gravitational field strength: W = mg .

How should the extension of the spring be calculated in this experiment?

Final length minus original length .

Define a fiducial marker .

A pointer used to mark the position of the spring accurately, improving the precision of the extension measurement.

Why should ruler readings be taken at eye level in this experiment?

To avoid parallax error , which is a systematic error.

Students must wear ______ during this experiment in case the spring snaps.

Students must wear goggles during this experiment in case the spring snaps.

True or False? The masses used in this experiment should be added in 200 g increments.

False. The masses should be added in 100 g increments, using a 100 g mass hanger.

GCSEPhysicsAQAFlashcardsForcesForces & Elasticity

Forces & Elasticity (AQA GCSE Physics): Flashcards

Exam code: 8463

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Define elastic deformation.

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Cards in this collection (36)

Define elastic deformation.
Elastic deformation occurs when an object returns to its original shape once the deforming force is removed.
Define inelastic deformation.
Inelastic deformation occurs when an object does not return completely to its original shape, even when the deforming force is removed.
What are the three ways in which forces can change an object's shape?
Stretching, bending, and compressing (a combination of all three can also occur).
Give three examples of materials that undergo elastic deformation.
Rubber bands, fabrics, and steel springs.
Give three examples of materials that undergo inelastic deformation.
Plastic, clay, and glass.
When a mass is placed on top of a spring on a flat surface, the weight of the mass and the reaction force from the surface act ______ each other, causing compression.
When a mass is placed on top of a spring on a flat surface, the weight of the mass and the reaction force from the surface act towards each other, causing compression.
True or False?
The two forces that stretch or compress a spring always act in the same direction.
False.
The two forces act in opposite directions: towards each other for compression, or away from each other for stretching.
Define Hooke's law.
Hooke's law states that the extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied, up to the limit of proportionality.
Define the limit of proportionality.
The limit of proportionality is the point beyond which the relationship between force and extension is no longer directly proportional.
If the force applied to a spring is doubled, what happens to its extension (provided the limit of proportionality is not exceeded)?
The extension also doubles.
What is the equation that relates force, spring constant and extension?
$F = k \times e$
Where F is force in newtons (N), k is the spring constant in newtons per metre (N/m), and e is the extension in metres (m).
How is the extension of a spring calculated?
Final length minus original length.
The higher the ______, the higher the stiffness of a spring.
The higher the spring constant, the higher the stiffness of a spring.
True or False?
The symbol e in the Hooke's law equation can only represent the extension of a spring, never its compression.
False.
The symbol e can represent either the extension or the compression of an elastic object.
What does a straight-line (linear) region on a force-extension graph indicate?
The material obeys Hooke's law: force and extension are directly proportional in that region.
What does a curved (non-linear) region on a force-extension graph indicate?
Force and extension are no longer directly proportional; the material no longer obeys Hooke's law.
Define spring constant.
The spring constant is the force per unit extension needed to extend (or compress) a spring, assuming its limit of proportionality is not exceeded.
If force is plotted on the y-axis and extension on the x-axis, how is the spring constant found from the graph?
It is equal to the gradient of the straight-line (Hooke's law) region.
If extension is plotted on the y-axis and force on the x-axis, how is the spring constant found from the graph?
It is equal to 1 ÷ gradient of the straight-line (Hooke's law) region.
The symbol ∝ means '______'.
The symbol ∝ means 'proportional to'.
True or False?
A spring with a steeper straight-line gradient, when force is plotted on the y-axis, has a smaller spring constant.
False.
A steeper gradient (force on the y-axis) means a larger spring constant — the spring is stiffer.
Define elastic potential energy.
Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in an elastic object when work is done on the object.
Provided a spring is not inelastically deformed, how do the work done on it and its elastic potential energy compare?
They are equal.
What is the equation for the elastic potential energy stored in a stretched or compressed spring?
$E_{e} = \frac{1}{2} \times k \times e^{2}$
Where E_e is elastic potential energy in joules (J), k is the spring constant in newtons per metre (N/m), and e is the extension in metres (m).
What happens to the work done on a spring if its extension is doubled?
The work done quadruples, since e is squared and 2² = 4.
Under what condition is the elastic potential energy equation valid?
The spring must not be stretched beyond its limit of proportionality.
Work done is the transfer of ______.
Work done is the transfer of energy.
True or False?
If the extension of a spring is tripled, the work done on it also triples.
Work done depends on e², so tripling the extension increases the work done ninefold (3² = 9).
In the required practical investigating force and extension, what are the independent and dependent variables?
Independent variable: force, F. Dependent variable: extension, e.
What is the control variable in the required practical investigating force and extension?
The spring constant, k (i.e. the same spring is used throughout).
How is the force applied to the spring calculated in this experiment?
By multiplying the mass added (in kg) by gravitational field strength: W = mg.
How should the extension of the spring be calculated in this experiment?
Final length minus original length.
Define a fiducial marker.
A pointer used to mark the position of the spring accurately, improving the precision of the extension measurement.
Why should ruler readings be taken at eye level in this experiment?
To avoid parallax error, which is a systematic error.
Students must wear ______ during this experiment in case the spring snaps.
Students must wear goggles during this experiment in case the spring snaps.
True or False?
The masses used in this experiment should be added in 200 g increments.
False.
The masses should be added in 100 g increments, using a 100 g mass hanger.

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