Impacts of Migration (Edexcel IGCSE Geography) : Revision Note

Jacque Cartwright

Written by: Jacque Cartwright

Reviewed by: Bridgette Barrett

Updated on

Impacts on migrants

  • The impacts on migrants depend on:

    • Who the migrant is - voluntary, forced etc.

    • Why they are migrating - job prospects, fear etc.

    • Where they are migrating to - urban, internal etc.

    • Where they are migrating from - rural, international etc. 

    • When they are migrating - summer, winter etc.

    • How they are migrating - on foot, plane, car etc. 

    • Setting up and closing down costs of migrating - selling and buying a home or renting, shipping costs etc. 

  • Impacts can have a positive or negative effect on the migrant and their family with many being similar impacts to all types of migrants

Voluntary international migration

Positive impacts

  • Wages are higher with better job security

  • A wider choice of job opportunities

  • Ability to support wider family with remittances 

  • Better housing and improved facilities 

Negative impacts

  • Financial costs are higher

  • It can mean separation from wider family and friends

  • Problems settling into a new culture

  • Exposure to possible ethnic discrimination

  • There may be a language barrier

  • Regret and homesickness

Voluntary internal migration

Positive impacts

  • Change of lifestyle

  • Maybe a cheaper cost of living

  • Different opportunities 

  • Urban to rural for extra space

  • Rural to urban for job opportunity

  • Improved availability of health, social and leisure facilities

Negative impacts

  • Unfamiliar surroundings and sense of loss

  • Lack of, or informal employment

  • Poor or slum housing

  • Victimisation and urban poverty

  • Regret and homesickness

  • Finding and making new friends

  • Limited access to facilities; may have to travel to see a health professional

Forced international migration

Positive impacts

  • Safety from conflict

  • Better opportunities

  • Improved education

Negative impacts

  • Few job opportunities 

  • Exposure to discrimination based on ethnic, gender and language barrier

  • Abandonment of family, friends, and home

  • Housed in camps with overcrowding and risk of disease

  • Fatigue and hunger from travel

  • PTSD and other long-term health issues from experience

  • Lack of money and exposure to exploitation

Forced internal migration

Positive impacts

  • Safety from hazards or conflict

  • Improved healthcare

  • Better opportunities

  • Access to facilities

  • Better education

  • Improved housing

Negative impacts

  • Loss of home, family and friends

  • Loss of sense of belonging to a community

  • Cost of starting all over again

  • Anxiety about finding a new home

  • Fatigue and abandonment

  • The stress of fitting into a new community

Impacts on origin & destination

  • The impact of migration on a country's population change is very small

  • The only type of migration that would make an impact would be international migration

Impacts on origin

Positive impacts

  • Migrants send remittances back, increasing the living standards of families but also the wider community (spread of wealth)

  • Chance for some areas to recover due to less competition for space, jobs and or partners

  • Reduction in pressure on healthcare, education services etc. 

  • Housing released for other families

Negative impacts

  • Rural depopulation

  • Adds to an ageing profile

  • Family and friends were left behind to fend for themselves

  • Hostility to those left behind

  • Loss of young adults from the labour force

  • Brain-drain of vital skilled workers

  • Agricultural output can decrease 

Impacts on destination

Positive impacts

  • Cultural fusion

  • Boost to falling or ageing populations

  • Improvement of economic growth through paying taxes, etc. 

  • A skilled worker's contribution to the development of a country

  • Increased global political status

  • Increased labour force

Negative impacts

  • Environmental pressures are caused by deforestation and overgrazing, waste, pollution, etc. 

  • Sanitation, water and food shortages

  • Illegal migrants: violation of human rights, human trafficking, exploitation

  • Non-integration within the wider community: a sense of mistrust and a possible rise in crime

  • Pressure on the government to supply healthcare, food, and housing - difficult if the country of destination is a developing country

  • Housing issues, migrants may find themselves on the streets, in camps or in squatter settlements

Examiner Tips and Tricks

  • Internal migrants are not always the poorest people 

  • It can be from rural to urban, urban to urban or urban to rural 

  • Migrants will move for perceived better opportunities

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Jacque Cartwright

Author: Jacque Cartwright

Expertise: Geography Content Creator

Jacque graduated from the Open University with a BSc in Environmental Science and Geography before doing her PGCE with the University of St David’s, Swansea. Teaching is her passion and has taught across a wide range of specifications – GCSE/IGCSE and IB but particularly loves teaching the A-level Geography. For the past 5 years Jacque has been teaching online for international schools, and she knows what is needed to get the top scores on those pesky geography exams.

Bridgette Barrett

Reviewer: Bridgette Barrett

Expertise: Geography Lead

After graduating with a degree in Geography, Bridgette completed a PGCE over 25 years ago. She later gained an MA Learning, Technology and Education from the University of Nottingham focussing on online learning. At a time when the study of geography has never been more important, Bridgette is passionate about creating content which supports students in achieving their potential in geography and builds their confidence.

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