Infectious Diseases (Cambridge (CIE) AS Biology): Flashcards
Exam code: 9700
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Define pathogen.
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Define pathogen.
A pathogen is an organism that causes disease.
Define infectious disease.
An infectious disease is a disease caused by a pathogen that can be transmitted from one host to another.
What causes cholera, and what type of pathogen is it?
Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
What causes malaria, and what type of pathogen is it?
Malaria is caused by protoctists of the genus Plasmodium:
Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. vivax.
What causes tuberculosis (TB), and what type of pathogen is it?
TB is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis.
What causes HIV/AIDS, and what type of pathogen is it?
HIV/AIDS is caused by a virus — the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Infectious diseases are caused by and can be transmitted between hosts.
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens and can be transmitted between hosts.
Define vector (in disease transmission).
A vector is an organism that carries a pathogen from one host to another without getting the disease itself.
How is cholera transmitted?
By the faecal–oral route: drinking water or eating food contaminated with faeces containing Vibrio cholerae.
How is malaria transmitted?
By a vector — the female Anopheles mosquito — which passes Plasmodium into the blood when it bites.
It can also spread through infected blood and across the placenta.
How is tuberculosis (TB) transmitted?
Through the air: inhaling droplets containing the bacteria when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
How is HIV transmitted?
In body fluids:
unprotected sexual contact
infected blood or sharing needles
from mother to child across the placenta, during birth, or in breast milk
Malaria is transmitted by a vector, the female mosquito.
Malaria is transmitted by a vector, the female Anopheles mosquito.
True or False?
TB is transmitted through contaminated water.
False.
TB is spread through the air in droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Cholera is the disease spread through contaminated water.
Name the three types of factor considered in the prevention and control of disease.
Biological, social and economic factors.
How can cholera be prevented and controlled?
Provide clean, treated drinking water and proper sewage/sanitation.
Good hygiene, oral rehydration to treat cases, and vaccination.
How can malaria be prevented and controlled?
Control the mosquito vector with insecticides and by draining stagnant water.
Use insecticide-treated bed nets and antimalarial drugs.
How can TB be prevented and controlled?
BCG vaccination, contact tracing and testing, and a full course of antibiotics.
Improving living conditions to reduce overcrowding.
How can HIV be prevented and controlled?
Use condoms, needle-exchange schemes and screening of blood.
Education and contact tracing; antiretroviral drugs also reduce transmission.
Insecticide-treated nets help prevent malaria by stopping mosquito bites at night.
Insecticide-treated bed nets help prevent malaria by stopping mosquito bites at night.
True or False?
There is currently a vaccine that gives full protection against HIV.
False.
There is no effective vaccine for HIV. Control relies on prevention and antiretroviral drugs.
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