Growth in Organisms (Edexcel GCSE Combined Science: Biology): Flashcards
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Growth
A permanent increase in size or mass.
By which two key processes do both plants and animals grow?
Cell division (mitosis)
Cell differentiation
What additional growth process is unique to plants?
Cell elongation.
What happens during cell elongation?
Hormones such as auxin cause cells to grow longer in response to stimuli such as sunlight.
What is cell differentiation?
The development of specialised features to create specialised cells.
What can be used to monitor the growth of an organism?
Growth charts, which compare its growth to the usual trends for that organism.
Which three measurements are used to monitor a baby's growth?
Mass
Length
Head circumference
What are a baby's growth measurements compared with?
Historical data collected from other children of the same age.
Name issues that monitoring growth can highlight.
Malnutrition
Obesity
Inconsistencies across measurements (e.g. a large baby with a small head)
Sudden changes in trend
If a baby is on the 25th percentile for mass, what does this mean?
They are lighter than 75% of children their age and heavier than 25% of children their age.
Growth is a permanent increase in size or .
Growth is a permanent increase in size or mass.
In plants, the hormone causes cell elongation.
In plants, the hormone auxin causes cell elongation.
True or False?
Cell elongation occurs in both plants and animals.
False.
Cell elongation happens in plants only. Plants and animals both grow by cell division and cell differentiation, but only plants also grow by cell elongation.
Differentiation
The process by which cells become specialised to perform specific functions.
Specialised cell
A cell with structural adaptations that enable it to perform a specific function.
Why do cells differentiate as a multicellular organism develops?
To form specialised cells that can perform specific functions within the organism.
Do all cells in a multicellular organism contain the same genetic information?
Yes — almost all contain the same genes, but each cell has a different set of active genes.
What determines how a cell functions?
Its set of active genes.
What do active genes cause when a cell differentiates?
The development and composition of subcellular structures that enable the cell to carry out a certain function.
How does an undifferentiated cell change to form a nerve cell?
Its cytoplasm and cell membrane elongate to form connections over large distances.
When do most animal cells differentiate?
At an early stage of development; in mature animals cell division is mainly restricted to repair and replacement.
How do plants differ from animals in cell differentiation?
Many plant cells retain the ability to fully differentiate throughout the life of the plant, not just early in development.
cells have structural adaptations which enable them to perform specific functions.
Specialised cells have structural adaptations which enable them to perform specific functions.
Each cell has a different set of genes which determine how the cell functions.
Each cell has a different set of active genes which determine how the cell functions.
True or False?
Specialised cells contain different genes from one another.
False.
Almost all cells contain the same genes. Cells differ because each has a different set of active genes.
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