A cell that contains a nucleus, along with cytoplasm and other organelles surrounded by a cell membrane.

Name the groups of organisms made of eukaryotic cells.

Animals, plants, fungi and protoctists.

Which sub-cellular structures are found in all eukaryotic cells?

Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane Mitochondria Ribosomes

What are the functions of mitochondria and ribosomes?

Mitochondria: the site of aerobic respiration (releasing energy). Ribosomes: the site of protein synthesis.

Which sub-cellular structures are found in an animal cell?

Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane Mitochondria Ribosomes

Which sub-cellular structures are found in a plant cell?

Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane Cell wall Chloroplasts Mitochondria Permanent vacuole Ribosomes

Which structures are found in plant cells but not animal cells?

Cell wall Chloroplasts Permanent vacuole

A wall made of cellulose surrounding a plant cell; it supports the cell and gives it shape.

A group of eukaryotic organisms; some are single-celled (e.g. yeast) and some are multicellular (e.g. moulds).

Are fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Eukaryotic — their cells contain a nucleus.

A group of mostly single-celled eukaryotic organisms; some have features like animal cells and some like plant cells.

Give an example of a protoctist.

Amoeba (animal-like) or Chlorella (plant-like).

A cell with no nucleus; its genetic material is a single loop of chromosomal DNA found free in the cytoplasm.

Which sub-cellular structures are found in a bacterial (prokaryotic) cell?

Chromosomal DNA (a single loop) Plasmid DNA Cell membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes Cell wall Flagella (in some bacteria)

A small ring of DNA found in a bacterial cell, separate from the chromosomal DNA.

Give two differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells.

How is a sperm cell adapted to its function?

An acrosome containing enzymes to digest the egg's membrane. A haploid nucleus. Many mitochondria to release energy for swimming. A tail (flagellum) to swim to the egg.

How is an egg cell adapted to its function?

Nutrients in the cytoplasm to feed the developing embryo. A haploid nucleus. The cell membrane changes after fertilisation to stop other sperm entering.

How is a ciliated epithelial cell adapted to its function?

It has tiny hair-like cilia that beat to move substances (e.g. mucus) across its surface.

How has the electron microscope improved our understanding of cells?

It has a much higher magnification and resolution than a light microscope. This lets us see small sub-cellular structures (organelles) in much greater detail.

How many times larger an image is than the real (actual) size of the object.

The smallest distance between two points that can still be seen as separate; higher resolution gives a clearer, more detailed image.

Write the magnification formula and how to rearrange it for actual size.

Magnification = image size ÷ actual size. Actual size = image size ÷ magnification.

An image of a cell is 60 mm wide and the actual cell is 0.03 mm wide. What is the magnification?

Magnification = image size ÷ actual size = 60 ÷ 0.03 = ×2000

Describe how to prepare and view a slide of cells under a light microscope.

Place the specimen on a slide and add a drop of stain (e.g. iodine). Lower a coverslip on top, avoiding air bubbles. Start with the lowest-power objective lens and focus. Switch to a higher power and refocus to see more detail.

Why is a stain such as iodine used when preparing a slide?

It makes the cells and their structures show up more clearly under the microscope.

What should a good scientific drawing from a microscope include?

Clear, unbroken lines (no shading). Labels for the structures. The magnification used.

List the unit prefixes used for cell sizes, from largest to smallest, with their powers of ten.

milli (10⁻³) micro (10⁻⁶) nano (10⁻⁹) pico (10⁻¹²)

Why are very small measurements (like cell sizes) often written in standard form?

It makes very small or very large numbers easier to write and work with (e.g. 0.000001 m = 1 × 10⁻⁶ m).

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Cell Structure (Edexcel GCSE Combined Science: Biology): Flashcards

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Eukaryotic cell

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Cards in this collection (46)

Eukaryotic cell
A cell that contains a nucleus, along with cytoplasm and other organelles surrounded by a cell membrane.
Name the groups of organisms made of eukaryotic cells.
Animals, plants, fungi and protoctists.
Which sub-cellular structures are found in all eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
What are the functions of mitochondria and ribosomes?
Mitochondria: the site of aerobic respiration (releasing energy).
Ribosomes: the site of protein synthesis.
Eukaryotic cells store their genetic material (DNA) inside a .
nucleus
cells contain a nucleus, unlike prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic
Which sub-cellular structures are found in an animal cell?
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Which sub-cellular structures are found in a plant cell?
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Permanent vacuole
Ribosomes
Which structures are found in plant cells but not animal cells?
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Permanent vacuole
Cell wall (plant)
A wall made of cellulose surrounding a plant cell; it supports the cell and gives it shape.
Chloroplasts in a plant cell are the site of .
photosynthesis
The permanent in a plant cell contains cell sap and helps keep the cell firm.
vacuole
The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the .
cell
Fungi
A group of eukaryotic organisms; some are single-celled (e.g. yeast) and some are multicellular (e.g. moulds).
Are fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic — their cells contain a nucleus.
Yeast is an example of a single-celled .
fungus
Protoctists
A group of mostly single-celled eukaryotic organisms; some have features like animal cells and some like plant cells.
Give an example of a protoctist.
Amoeba (animal-like) or Chlorella (plant-like).
Protoctists are organisms, meaning their cells contain a nucleus.
eukaryotic
Prokaryotic cell
A cell with no nucleus; its genetic material is a single loop of chromosomal DNA found free in the cytoplasm.
Which sub-cellular structures are found in a bacterial (prokaryotic) cell?
Chromosomal DNA (a single loop)
Plasmid DNA
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Cell wall
Flagella (in some bacteria)
Plasmid
A small ring of DNA found in a bacterial cell, separate from the chromosomal DNA.
Give two differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a .
nucleus
are examples of prokaryotic organisms.
Bacteria
How is a sperm cell adapted to its function?
An acrosome containing enzymes to digest the egg's membrane.
A haploid nucleus.
Many mitochondria to release energy for swimming.
A tail (flagellum) to swim to the egg.
How is an egg cell adapted to its function?
Nutrients in the cytoplasm to feed the developing embryo.
A haploid nucleus.
The cell membrane changes after fertilisation to stop other sperm entering.
How is a ciliated epithelial cell adapted to its function?
It has tiny hair-like cilia that beat to move substances (e.g. mucus) across its surface.
A sperm cell uses the enzymes in its to break through the egg's membrane.
acrosome
epithelial cells move mucus along the airways using hair-like cilia.
Ciliated
How has the electron microscope improved our understanding of cells?
It has a much higher magnification and resolution than a light microscope.
This lets us see small sub-cellular structures (organelles) in much greater detail.
Magnification
How many times larger an image is than the real (actual) size of the object.
Resolution
The smallest distance between two points that can still be seen as separate; higher resolution gives a clearer, more detailed image.
Write the magnification formula and how to rearrange it for actual size.
Magnification = image size ÷ actual size.
Actual size = image size ÷ magnification.
Electron microscopes have a higher than light microscopes, so they reveal more detail.
resolution
An image of a cell is 60 mm wide and the actual cell is 0.03 mm wide. What is the magnification?
Magnification = image size ÷ actual size
= 60 ÷ 0.03
= ×2000
Describe how to prepare and view a slide of cells under a light microscope.
Place the specimen on a slide and add a drop of stain (e.g. iodine).
Lower a coverslip on top, avoiding air bubbles.
Start with the lowest-power objective lens and focus.
Switch to a higher power and refocus to see more detail.
Why is a stain such as iodine used when preparing a slide?
It makes the cells and their structures show up more clearly under the microscope.
A is lowered onto the specimen to hold it flat and protect the objective lens.
coverslip
What should a good scientific drawing from a microscope include?
Clear, unbroken lines (no shading).
Labels for the structures.
The magnification used.
List the unit prefixes used for cell sizes, from largest to smallest, with their powers of ten.
milli (10⁻³)
micro (10⁻⁶)
nano (10⁻⁹)
pico (10⁻¹²)
The prefix 'micro' means ten to the power of minus .
6 (six)
How do you convert millimetres (mm) to micrometres (µm)?
Multiply by 1000.
There are 1000 micrometres (µm) in 1 (mm).
millimetre
Why are very small measurements (like cell sizes) often written in standard form?
It makes very small or very large numbers easier to write and work with (e.g. 0.000001 m = 1 × 10⁻⁶ m).
There are 1000 nanometres (nm) in 1 (µm).
micrometre

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