Define ATP (adenosine triphosphate) .

ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ) is a phosphorylated nucleotide that acts as the universal energy currency in all living cells.

All organisms require a constant supply of to maintain their cells and stay alive.

All organisms require a constant supply of energy to maintain their cells and stay alive.

What is meant by the phrase universal energy currency in biology?

The phrase universal energy currency refers to ATP being used to transfer energy in all energy-requiring processes in cells across all forms of life.

Adenosine is a nucleoside formed by combining with a pentose sugar.

Adenosine is a nucleoside formed by combining adenine with a pentose sugar.

Define phosphorylated nucleotide .

A phosphorylated nucleotide is a nucleotide molecule that has one or more phosphate groups attached, like ATP .

True or False? ADP contains three phosphate groups.

False. ADP (adenosine diphosphate) contains two phosphate groups, not three.

A molecule of ATP contains phosphate groups.

A molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups.

What is the difference between adenine and adenosine ?

Adenine is a nitrogenous base . Adenosine is a nucleoside , formed by combining adenine with a pentose sugar .

A nucleoside combined with one phosphate group is called , with two phosphate groups is called , and with three phosphate groups is called adenosine triphosphate.

A nucleoside combined with one phosphate group is called adenosine monophosphate , with two phosphate groups is called adenosine diphosphate , and with three phosphate groups is called adenosine triphosphate.

What are the three components that make up a molecule of ATP ?

A pentose sugar (ribose), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups .

Give two processes in cells that require the energy transferred by ATP .

Anabolic reactions (building larger molecules from smaller ones) and active transport (moving substances across the cell membrane). Energy is also needed to move substances within the cell.

Define hydrolysis of ATP .

The hydrolysis of ATP is the enzymatic process in which ATP is broken down to ADP and an inorganic phosphate (Pi) , releasing energy for cellular processes.

Which enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP?

The enzyme ATP hydrolase (also called ATPase ) catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP.

The hydrolysis of ATP releases that can be used for DNA synthesis or muscle contraction.

The hydrolysis of ATP releases free energy that can be used for DNA synthesis or muscle contraction.

True or False? ATP hydrolysis can be coupled to energy-requiring reactions within cells.

True. The hydrolysis of ATP can be coupled to reactions like active transport, muscle contraction, and enzyme-controlled processes that require energy.

Why is the amount of energy released from ATP hydrolysis beneficial for the cell?

ATP hydrolysis releases a small but sufficient amount of energy , which is enough to drive metabolic reactions without wasting energy and allows the cell to tightly control its processes.

ATP is relatively at cellular pH levels, meaning it does not break down unless an is present.

ATP is relatively stable at cellular pH levels, meaning it does not break down unless an enzyme is present.

What type of reaction is ATP synthesis from ADP and Pi, and what is released?

ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) is a condensation reaction in which water is released .

Define chemiosmosis .

Chemiosmosis is a process in which ATP is synthesised as protons flow down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase in the electron transport chain stage of respiration.

Organisms cannot build up large stores of , so cells must make it as and when it is needed.

Organisms cannot build up large stores of ATP , so cells must make it as and when it is needed.

Name the two main types of ATP synthesis and give an example of where each occurs.

The two main types of ATP synthesis are substrate-linked phosphorylation (occurs in glycolysis) and chemiosmosis (occurs in the electron transport chain).

Define metabolic reactions .

Metabolic reactions are the chemical processes that occur within living cells, allowing them to grow, reproduce, and maintain their structures.

Water is composed of atoms of and .

Water is composed of atoms of hydrogen and oxygen .

What type of bond forms between the atoms within a single water molecule?

A covalent bond forms between the atoms within a single water molecule, as oxygen and hydrogen share electrons.

Define polar molecule .

A polar molecule has regions of partial positive and negative charge due to an unequal sharing of electrons, such as in water.

Hydrogen bonds form between the atom of one water molecule and the atom of another.

Hydrogen bonds form between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another.

Name two properties of water that are the result of hydrogen bonding.

Two properties of water due to hydrogen bonding are a high specific heat capacity and high surface tension .

A solvent is a substance that dissolves other substances, forming a solution. Water is an excellent solvent due to its polarity.

In condensation reactions, smaller molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the of a water molecule.

In condensation reactions, smaller molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the removal of a water molecule.

True or False? Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid.

True. Water is less dense as a solid (ice) because its molecules are held further apart by hydrogen bonds, allowing ice to float.

Why is water’s high specific heat capacity important for living organisms?

Water’s high specific heat capacity allows it to absorb large amounts of heat with little temperature change, helping to maintain stable conditions essential for enzyme activity and life.

Define inorganic ion .

An inorganic ion is an ion that does not contain carbon .

What is the difference between a cation and an anion ?

A cation is an ion with a positive charge , while an anion is an ion with a negative charge .

Inorganic ions occur in solution in the and body fluids of organisms.

Inorganic ions occur in solution in the cytoplasm and body fluids of organisms.

How are fluctuations in inorganic ion concentration used by cells?

The concentration of certain inorganic ions can fluctuate and be used in cell signalling and neuronal transmission .

The pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution; the more H⁺ ions, the lower the pH (more acidic).

There is an relationship between pH value and hydrogen ion concentration.

There is an inverse relationship between pH value and hydrogen ion concentration.

True or False? Iron(II) ions in haemoglobin bind to oxygen for transport in the body.

True. Haemoglobin contains Fe²⁺ ions , which are essential for binding to oxygen and transporting it in the blood.

Sodium ions are needed for the of glucose and amino acids across cell membranes.

Sodium ions are needed for the co-transport of glucose and amino acids across cell membranes.

What is the role of phosphate ions in ATP ?

Phosphate ions form phosphate groups in ATP , and the bonds between these groups store energy . Breaking these bonds releases energy for cellular processes.

In DNA and RNA, groups link nucleotides to form polynucleotides.

In DNA and RNA, phosphate groups link nucleotides to form polynucleotides.

A LevelBiologyAQAFlashcardsBiological MoleculesATP, Water & Inorganic Ions

ATP, Water & Inorganic Ions (AQA A Level Biology): Flashcards

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FrontThe Structure of ATP
Define ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

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Cards in this collection (41)

Define ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a phosphorylated nucleotide that acts as the universal energy currency in all living cells.
All organisms require a constant supply of to maintain their cells and stay alive.
All organisms require a constant supply of energy to maintain their cells and stay alive.
What is meant by the phrase universal energy currency in biology?
The phrase universal energy currency refers to ATP being used to transfer energy in all energy-requiring processes in cells across all forms of life.
Adenosine is a nucleoside formed by combining with a pentose sugar.
Adenosine is a nucleoside formed by combining adenine with a pentose sugar.
Define phosphorylated nucleotide.
A phosphorylated nucleotide is a nucleotide molecule that has one or more phosphate groups attached, like ATP.
True or False?
ADP contains three phosphate groups.
False.
ADP (adenosine diphosphate) contains two phosphate groups, not three.
A molecule of ATP contains phosphate groups.
A molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups.
What is the difference between adenine and adenosine?
Adenine is a nitrogenous base.
Adenosine is a nucleoside, formed by combining adenine with a pentose sugar.
A nucleoside combined with one phosphate group is called , with two phosphate groups is called , and with three phosphate groups is called adenosine triphosphate.
A nucleoside combined with one phosphate group is called adenosine monophosphate, with two phosphate groups is called adenosine diphosphate, and with three phosphate groups is called adenosine triphosphate.
What are the three components that make up a molecule of ATP?
A pentose sugar (ribose), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups.
Give two processes in cells that require the energy transferred by ATP.
Anabolic reactions (building larger molecules from smaller ones) and active transport (moving substances across the cell membrane).
Energy is also needed to move substances within the cell.
Define hydrolysis of ATP.
The hydrolysis of ATP is the enzymatic process in which ATP is broken down to ADP and an inorganic phosphate (Pi), releasing energy for cellular processes.
Which enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP?
The enzyme ATP hydrolase (also called ATPase) catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP.
The hydrolysis of ATP releases that can be used for DNA synthesis or muscle contraction.
The hydrolysis of ATP releases free energy that can be used for DNA synthesis or muscle contraction.
True or False?
ATP hydrolysis can be coupled to energy-requiring reactions within cells.
True.
The hydrolysis of ATP can be coupled to reactions like active transport, muscle contraction, and enzyme-controlled processes that require energy.
Why is the amount of energy released from ATP hydrolysis beneficial for the cell?
ATP hydrolysis releases a small but sufficient amount of energy, which is enough to drive metabolic reactions without wasting energy and allows the cell to tightly control its processes.
ATP is relatively at cellular pH levels, meaning it does not break down unless an is present.
ATP is relatively stable at cellular pH levels, meaning it does not break down unless an enzyme is present.
What type of reaction is ATP synthesis from ADP and Pi, and what is released?
ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) is a condensation reaction in which water is released.
Define chemiosmosis.
Chemiosmosis is a process in which ATP is synthesised as protons flow down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase in the electron transport chain stage of respiration.
Organisms cannot build up large stores of , so cells must make it as and when it is needed.
Organisms cannot build up large stores of ATP, so cells must make it as and when it is needed.
Name the two main types of ATP synthesis and give an example of where each occurs.
The two main types of ATP synthesis are substrate-linked phosphorylation (occurs in glycolysis) and chemiosmosis (occurs in the electron transport chain).
Define metabolic reactions.
Metabolic reactions are the chemical processes that occur within living cells, allowing them to grow, reproduce, and maintain their structures.
Water is composed of atoms of and .
Water is composed of atoms of hydrogen and oxygen.
What type of bond forms between the atoms within a single water molecule?
A covalent bond forms between the atoms within a single water molecule, as oxygen and hydrogen share electrons.
Define polar molecule.
A polar molecule has regions of partial positive and negative charge due to an unequal sharing of electrons, such as in water.
Hydrogen bonds form between the atom of one water molecule and the atom of another.
Hydrogen bonds form between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another.
Name two properties of water that are the result of hydrogen bonding.
Two properties of water due to hydrogen bonding are a high specific heat capacity and high surface tension.
Define solvent.
A solvent is a substance that dissolves other substances, forming a solution. Water is an excellent solvent due to its polarity.
In condensation reactions, smaller molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the of a water molecule.
In condensation reactions, smaller molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the removal of a water molecule.
True or False?
Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid.
True.
Water is less dense as a solid (ice) because its molecules are held further apart by hydrogen bonds, allowing ice to float.
Why is water’s high specific heat capacity important for living organisms?
Water’s high specific heat capacity allows it to absorb large amounts of heat with little temperature change, helping to maintain stable conditions essential for enzyme activity and life.
Define inorganic ion.
An inorganic ion is an ion that does not contain carbon.
What is the difference between a cation and an anion?
A cation is an ion with a positive charge, while an anion is an ion with a negative charge.
Inorganic ions occur in solution in the and body fluids of organisms.
Inorganic ions occur in solution in the cytoplasm and body fluids of organisms.
How are fluctuations in inorganic ion concentration used by cells?
The concentration of certain inorganic ions can fluctuate and be used in cell signalling and neuronal transmission.
Define pH.
The pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution; the more H⁺ ions, the lower the pH (more acidic).
There is an relationship between pH value and hydrogen ion concentration.
There is an inverse relationship between pH value and hydrogen ion concentration.
True or False?
Iron(II) ions in haemoglobin bind to oxygen for transport in the body.
True.
Haemoglobin contains Fe²⁺ ions, which are essential for binding to oxygen and transporting it in the blood.
Sodium ions are needed for the of glucose and amino acids across cell membranes.
Sodium ions are needed for the co-transport of glucose and amino acids across cell membranes.
What is the role of phosphate ions in ATP?
Phosphate ions form phosphate groups in ATP, and the bonds between these groups store energy. Breaking these bonds releases energy for cellular processes.
In DNA and RNA, groups link nucleotides to form polynucleotides.
In DNA and RNA, phosphate groups link nucleotides to form polynucleotides.

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