A Revolution in Medicine: The 19th and Early 20th Century (AQA GCSE History: Thematic Study (Paper 2: Section A)): Flashcards
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Define Spontaneous Generation.
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Define Spontaneous Generation.
Spontaneous Generation is the theory that when matter decays, the process itself produces microorganisms.
Define Germ Theory.
Germ Theory is the theory that microbes in the air cause decay and disease, rather than being created by decay.
Define anti-contagionists.
Anti-contagionists were scientists who believed disease was caused by miasma or environmental conditions, not by contact.
What nationality was Louis Pasteur?
Louis Pasteur was French.
In which year did Pasteur develop Germ Theory?
Pasteur developed Germ Theory in 1861.
What did contagionists believe caused disease?
Contagionists believed disease was caused by contact, building on the theory of transference.
Which disease did Pasteur work on a vaccine for in 1879?
In 1879, Pasteur worked on a vaccine for chicken cholera.
Scientists developed Spontaneous Generation theory in the early century.
Scientists developed Spontaneous Generation theory in the early 18th century.
Pasteur entered the 1860 French Academy of Science's competition to prove or disprove .
Pasteur entered the 1860 French Academy of Science's competition to prove or disprove Spontaneous Generation.
Germ Theory states that decaying matter did not create microbes; instead, microbes caused .
Germ Theory states that decaying matter did not create microbes; instead, microbes caused decay.
True or False?
Pasteur later used his chicken cholera method to create vaccines for anthrax and rabies.
True.
Pasteur later used his chicken cholera method to create vaccines for anthrax and rabies.
True or False?
The public found miasma difficult to understand.
False.
The public found miasma easy to understand.
What nationality was Robert Koch?
Robert Koch was German.
Which French scientist was Koch in direct competition with?
Koch was in direct competition with Louis Pasteur.
Which bacteria did Koch discover in 1882?
In 1882, Koch discovered the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis.
Which bacteria did Koch discover in 1883?
In 1883, Koch discovered the cholera bacteria.
Define agar jelly.
Agar jelly is a substance derived from algae that Koch promoted for growing bacteria.
Define bacteriology.
Bacteriology is the study of bacteria, which Koch revolutionised.
To make microbes easier to see under a microscope, Koch stained the bacteria in .
To make microbes easier to see under a microscope, Koch stained the bacteria in dye.
Koch received the Prize for Medicine in 1905.
Koch received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1905.
In 1884, what did Koch confirm about the spread of cholera?
In 1884, Koch confirmed that water spread cholera.
Which important scientist, investigating cures for syphilis, did Koch teach?
Koch taught Paul Ehrlich, who investigated cures for syphilis.
True or False?
Koch's work supported Edward Jenner's findings about vaccines.
True.
Koch's work supported Edward Jenner's findings about vaccines.
During the Franco-Prussian War, the French and German governments were Pasteur's and Koch's research.
During the Franco-Prussian War, the French and German governments were funding Pasteur's and Koch's research.
Which British doctor wrote articles and books against Germ Theory?
Dr Henry Bastian wrote articles and books against Germ Theory.
Why did many medical professionals ignore John Tyndall's support for Germ Theory?
Many medical professionals ignored John Tyndall's support for Germ Theory because he was a physicist, not a doctor.
Which British supporter of Germ Theory translated Robert Koch's work into English?
William Cheyne translated Robert Koch's work into English.
Define a magic bullet.
A magic bullet is one chemical treatment that could attack harmful bacteria without hurting the rest of the body.
What nationality was Paul Ehrlich?
Paul Ehrlich was German.
Which disease was Paul Ehrlich trying to cure?
Paul Ehrlich was trying to cure syphilis.
Which Japanese scientist discovered that compound 606 cured syphilis?
The Japanese scientist Hata discovered that compound 606 cured syphilis.
Ehrlich tested compounds to find a cure for syphilis.
Ehrlich tested arsenic compounds to find a cure for syphilis.
Salvarsan 606 became the world's first .
Salvarsan 606 became the world's first magic bullet.
Spontaneous Generation remained a popular theory in Britain until the .
Spontaneous Generation remained a popular theory in Britain until the 1870s.
True or False?
The public was more comfortable believing in miasma as the cause of disease.
True.
The public was more comfortable believing in miasma as the cause of disease.
True or False?
Hata discovered compound 606 in 1909.
True.
Hata discovered compound 606 in 1909.
Define anaesthetic.
An anaesthetic is a substance which reduces pain, and can sometimes make a patient unconscious.
What is the chemical name for laughing gas?
The chemical name for laughing gas is nitrous oxide.
Which American surgeon used ether in 1846 to remove a tumour from a patient's neck?
Dr Crawford Long used ether in 1846 to remove a tumour from a patient's neck.
What nationality was James Simpson?
James Simpson was Scottish.
In which year did Simpson discover chloroform?
Simpson discovered chloroform in 1847.
Which member of the royal family used chloroform during childbirth in 1853?
Queen Victoria used chloroform during childbirth in 1853, during the birth of her son Leopold.
Simpson gained a for his services to medicine.
Simpson gained a knighthood for his services to medicine.
Greener was only 14 years old when she died under chloroform during a toenail removal.
Hannah Greener was only 14 years old when she died under chloroform during a toenail removal.
Why was ether dangerous in an operating theatre lit by gas lamps or candles?
Ether was dangerous in an operating theatre lit by gas lamps or candles because it was flammable.
Simpson gathered his friends in 1847 and smelt various chemicals; after smelling chloroform they for some time.
Simpson gathered his friends in 1847 and smelt various chemicals; after smelling chloroform they passed out for some time.
True or False?
By the 20th century, chloroform was no longer used in surgery.
True.
By the 20th century, chloroform was no longer used in surgery.
True or False?
Ether made patients vomit and irritated the lungs.
True.
Ether made patients vomit and irritated the lungs.
Define antiseptic.
An antiseptic is a substance that removes bacteria from a wound to prevent infection.
Define aseptic surgery.
Aseptic surgery is surgery carried out free of bacteria and the risk of infection, in a completely sterile environment.
What nationality was Joseph Lister?
Joseph Lister was Scottish.
Whose Germ Theory inspired Joseph Lister?
Louis Pasteur's Germ Theory inspired Joseph Lister.
In which year did Lister first apply a carbolic acid bandage to a broken leg?
Lister first applied a carbolic acid bandage to a broken leg in 1865.
In which medical journal did Lister publish his findings?
Lister published his findings in The Lancet.
In The Lancet, Lister gave examples of successful operations where carbolic spray was used.
In The Lancet, Lister gave examples of 11 successful operations where carbolic spray was used.
Because carbolic acid dried surgeons' hands, it caused the creation of rubber .
Because carbolic acid dried surgeons' hands, it caused the creation of rubber gloves.
In which year did Lister stop using carbolic acid?
Lister stopped using carbolic acid in 1890.
By what date had surgeons developed methods of aseptic surgery?
Surgeons had developed methods of aseptic surgery by 1900.
True or False?
18th-century surgeons did not wash their hands before or after surgery.
True.
18th-century surgeons did not wash their hands before or after surgery.
Carbolic acid was already used to eliminate bad smells in the new system being built in London.
Carbolic acid was already used to eliminate bad smells in the new sewage system being built in London.
Define the Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution was when the economy changed from an agricultural one to an industrial one.
During which two centuries did many countries industrialise?
Many countries industrialised during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Why did people move from the countryside to towns during the Industrial Revolution?
People moved from the countryside to towns during the Industrial Revolution to work in factories.
From around 1750 onwards, cities and towns such as Birmingham, Manchester and Sheffield grew .
From around 1750 onwards, cities and towns such as Birmingham, Manchester and Sheffield grew rapidly.
What was the average life expectancy in 1841?
The average life expectancy in 1841 was around 40 years.
What did the majority of people still believe caused disease in industrial towns?
The majority of people still believed miasma caused disease in industrial towns.
Because they believed miasma caused disease, people focused on covering bad smells rather than .
Because they believed miasma caused disease, people focused on covering bad smells rather than hygiene.
True or False?
Local authorities and the government did very little to improve conditions in the early Industrial Revolution.
True.
Local authorities and the government did very little to improve conditions in the early Industrial Revolution.
Name one of the three public health problems people faced in industrial towns and cities.
One public health problem people faced in industrial towns and cities was poor sanitation (also air pollution or unsafe living and working conditions).
Industrial economies seemed to be more reliable and less dependent on external factors, such as .
Industrial economies seemed to be more reliable and less dependent on external factors, such as weather.
In which year did cholera arrive in Britain?
Cholera arrived in Britain in 1831.
In which country do scientists believe cholera started?
Scientists believe cholera started in India.
What did scientists and the government believe was to blame for cholera?
Scientists and the government believed miasma was to blame for cholera.
What was the spot map in John Snow's investigation designed to show?
A spot map was a street map of Soho on which Snow drew a spot to represent each cholera death where the victim had lived.
In which area of London did John Snow live?
John Snow lived in Soho.
What did John Snow conclude the cholera deaths centred around?
John Snow concluded that the cholera deaths centred around the water pump on Broad Street.
What action did Snow take to stop people using the Broad Street pump?
To stop people using the Broad Street pump, Snow removed the handle from the pump.
During the 1848-49 epidemic, Snow wrote 'On the Mode of Communication of '.
During the 1848-49 epidemic, Snow wrote 'On the Mode of Communication of Cholera'.
In the 1848-49 epidemic, over people across England and Wales died of cholera.
In the 1848-49 epidemic, over 53,000 people across England and Wales died of cholera.
Snow argued that victims caught cholera by drinking water contaminated with from another person with cholera.
Snow argued that victims caught cholera by drinking water contaminated with faeces from another person with cholera.
In which year did Robert Koch prove that contaminated water contained cholera?
Robert Koch proved that contaminated water contained cholera in 1884.
True or False?
After Snow presented his findings in 1855, the government did not act.
True.
After Snow presented his findings in 1855, the government did not act.
What event of 1858 motivated the government to dispose of sewage correctly?
The Great Stink of 1858 motivated the government to dispose of sewage correctly.
What was the title of Edwin Chadwick's 1842 report?
The title of Edwin Chadwick's 1842 report was Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Classes.
What connection did Chadwick prove in his report?
In his report, Chadwick proved a connection between life expectancy and living standards.
Chadwick advised setting up of that were responsible for clearing sewage.
Chadwick advised setting up boards of health that were responsible for clearing sewage.
Which incorrect theory of disease did Chadwick believe in?
Chadwick believed in the incorrect theory of miasma.
In which year did London experience the Great Stink?
London experienced the Great Stink in 1858.
Who did the government employ to redesign London's sewage system?
The government employed Joseph Bazalgette to redesign London's sewage system.
By 1865, miles of sewers had been built.
By 1865, 1,300 miles of sewers had been built.
What caused the Great Stink of 1858?
The Great Stink of 1858 was caused by the Thames smelling so badly of raw sewage.
True or False?
After Bazalgette's sewer system, London did not experience any more widespread cholera or typhoid outbreaks.
True.
After Bazalgette's sewer system, London did not experience any more widespread cholera or typhoid outbreaks.
Chadwick campaigned for the government to make local clean up their towns and cities.
Chadwick campaigned for the government to make local authorities clean up their towns and cities.
True or False?
The government immediately acted on the differences in life expectancy that Chadwick found.
False.
The government did not believe differences in life expectancy were enough evidence to act on.
Define laissez-faire.
Laissez-faire is French for 'allow to do' — the government not interfering and letting people make their own choices.
In which year was the first Public Health Act passed?
The first Public Health Act was passed in 1848.
Why did the Public Health Act of 1848 have a limited impact?
The Public Health Act of 1848 had a limited impact because local authorities did not need to follow it, so many simply ignored it.
In which year was the second Public Health Act passed?
The second Public Health Act was passed in 1875.
The 1875 Public Health Act made it for local authorities to provide clean water and dispose of waste properly.
The 1875 Public Health Act made it compulsory for local authorities to provide clean water and dispose of waste properly.
What happened to a local authority that broke the terms of the 1875 Act?
A local authority that broke the terms of the 1875 Act would pay a fine.
Name one duty the 1875 Act made compulsory for local authorities.
One duty the 1875 Act made compulsory for local authorities was to provide clean water (also: dispose of waste properly, build public toilets, hire a public officer of health, build better-ventilated houses, or provide parks).
Whose work scientifically proved John Snow's theory about cholera?
Robert Koch's work scientifically proved John Snow's theory about cholera.
By the end of the 19th century, the government had abandoned their attitude.
By the end of the 19th century, the government had abandoned their laissez-faire attitude.
Which war (1899-1902) revealed that many British men were too unhealthy to fight?
The Boer War (1899-1902) revealed that many British men were too unhealthy to fight.
True or False?
The 1848 Public Health Act fined local authorities that did not implement changes.
False.
The government did not fine local authorities under the 1848 Act.
True or False?
Germ Theory showed that better hygiene would prevent disease.
True.
Germ Theory showed that better hygiene would prevent disease.
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