Modern Medicine (AQA GCSE History: Thematic Study (Paper 2: Section A)): Flashcards
Exam code: 8145
1/760Still learning
Know0
Which surgeon developed facial reconstruction techniques during World War One?
Was this flashcard helpful?
Cards in this collection (76)
Which surgeon developed facial reconstruction techniques during World War One?
The surgeon who developed facial reconstruction techniques during World War One was Harold Gillies, a New Zealand doctor who specialised in ENT.
Define skin graft.
A skin graft is healthy skin moved from one part of the body to repair a damaged area, used by Gillies to restore soldiers' faces.
By 1917, surgeries had been carried out at the Queen's Hospital in Kent.
By 1917, 12,000 surgeries had been carried out at the Queen's Hospital in Kent.
What did Francis Derwent Wood make for soldiers with facial injuries?
Francis Derwent Wood made metal masks for soldiers with facial injuries, based on pre-war portraits to look realistic.
True or False?
Head wounds accounted for 20% of all wounds in the British sector of the Western Front.
True.
Head wounds accounted for 20% of all wounds in the British sector of the Western Front.
Who discovered the three main blood groups by 1901?
The three main blood groups were discovered by 1901 by Karl Landsteiner, who identified groups A, B and O.
Reuben Ottenberg identified Group as the universal blood group.
Reuben Ottenberg identified Group O as the universal blood group.
From which year were blood transfusions used in Base Hospitals?
Blood transfusions were used in Base Hospitals from 1915.
What was the Thomas Splint used to treat?
The Thomas Splint was used to treat broken legs, keeping the leg rigid to reduce blood loss.
True or False?
The Thomas Splint increased survival rates for leg injuries from 20% to 82%.
True.
The Thomas Splint increased survival rates for leg injuries from 20% to 82%.
Who discovered X-rays in 1895?
X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen.
X-rays enabled doctors to locate and shrapnel before surgery.
X-rays enabled doctors to locate bullets and shrapnel before surgery.
How many mobile X-ray units had Marie Curie equipped for the French Army?
Marie Curie equipped 20 mobile X-ray units for the French Army.
Define magic bullet.
A magic bullet is a chemical that targets and kills the microbe causing a disease without harming the body, such as Salvarsan 606.
What did Gerhard Domagk discover in 1932?
In 1932, Gerhard Domagk discovered that the red dye Prontosil killed infections in mice.
At Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital, Prontosil cut puerperal fever death rates from 20% to .
At Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital, Prontosil cut puerperal fever death rates from 20% to 4.7%.
Which bacteria did Fleming study in the 1920s that was resistant to magic bullets?
In the 1920s, Fleming studied Staphylococcus, which was resistant to magic bullets.
True or False?
Alexander Fleming was a Scottish doctor working at St. Mary's Hospital in London.
True.
Alexander Fleming was a Scottish doctor working at St. Mary's Hospital in London.
In which year did Fleming accidentally discover penicillin?
Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin in 1928.
On his return from holiday, Fleming noticed in the petri dish that had stopped Staphylococcus growing.
On his return from holiday, Fleming noticed mould in the petri dish that had stopped Staphylococcus growing.
Where did Florey and Chain work together?
Florey and Chain worked together at Oxford Medical School.
What were the nationalities of Florey and Chain?
Florey was Australian and Chain was German (having escaped Nazi Germany).
Who was the first human tested with penicillin in 1941?
The first human tested with penicillin in 1941 was Albert Alexander, a policeman with septicaemia from a rose thorn scratch.
In July 1941, Florey flew to to persuade companies to mass-produce penicillin.
In July 1941, Florey flew to America to persuade companies to mass-produce penicillin.
Who mapped the chemical structure of penicillin in 1945?
The chemical structure of penicillin was mapped in 1945 by Dorothy Hodgkin.
True or False?
By 1945, the US Army had access to two million doses of penicillin per month.
True.
By 1945, the US Army had access to two million doses of penicillin per month.
Which eye surgeon treated RAF pilots from 1940?
The eye surgeon who treated RAF pilots from 1940 was Harold Ridley, a well-respected English eye surgeon.
What did Ridley notice about pilots with Perspex fragments in their eyes?
Ridley noticed that pilots with Perspex fragments in their eyes did not suffer from eye irritation.
Define intraocular lens.
An intraocular lens is a clear plastic lens that replaces a patient's natural lens to restore vision, developed by Ridley in 1949.
Around of injuries in World War Two occurred to the eyes.
Around 3% of injuries in World War Two occurred to the eyes.
In which year did Ridley develop the intraocular lens?
Ridley developed the intraocular lens in 1949.
True or False?
Around 20 million operations each year still use Ridley's method.
True.
Around 20 million operations each year still use Ridley's method.
Which surgeon treated burned pilots and founded the 'Guinea Pig Club'?
The surgeon who treated burned pilots and founded the 'Guinea Pig Club' was Archibald McIndoe, at the Queen Victoria Hospital, Sussex.
Define pedicle.
A pedicle is a skin graft that is kept partly attached to its original site, used by McIndoe when treating burns.
McIndoe used to bathe burn victims and banned the use of tannic acid.
McIndoe used saline to bathe burn victims and banned the use of tannic acid.
Which famous World War One surgeon was McIndoe related to?
McIndoe was related to the famous World War One surgeon Harold Gillies, who was his cousin.
Why were McIndoe's patients nicknamed 'Guinea Pigs'?
McIndoe's patients were nicknamed 'Guinea Pigs' because of the new, experimental methods he used to treat them.
True or False?
McIndoe was knighted in 1947.
True.
McIndoe was knighted in 1947.
During the Boer War, between 40% and of recruits were rejected from the British Army due to poor health.
During the Boer War, between 40% and 60% of recruits were rejected from the British Army due to poor health.
What did Charles Booth's report Life and Labour of the People in London (1889) reveal?
Charles Booth's report Life and Labour of the People in London (1889) revealed that 30% of people could not afford food even when working full-time.
Which social reformer studied poverty in York and wrote Poverty: A Study of Town Life (1901)?
The social reformer who studied poverty in York and wrote Poverty: A Study of Town Life (1901) was Seebohm Rowntree.
Rowntree found that around of the population of York lived below the poverty line.
Rowntree found that around 28% of the population of York lived below the poverty line.
Define laissez-faire.
Laissez-faire is the attitude that the government should not interfere in people's lives, which the Liberals dropped over public health.
When did the Liberals introduce free school meals for the poor?
The Liberals introduced free school meals for the poor in 1906.
What did the National Insurance Act of 1911 require workers to do?
The National Insurance Act of 1911 required workers to pay a percentage of their wage to cover sick pay and medical treatment.
Free medical inspections in schools were introduced in .
Free medical inspections in schools were introduced in 1907.
Which 1908 Liberal reform helped people who were too old to work?
The 1908 Liberal reform that helped people who were too old to work was pensions for the elderly.
True or False?
The Labour Party argued the Liberal reforms did not go far enough.
True.
The Labour Party argued the Liberal reforms did not go far enough.
Why did the Liberal reforms give little help to most women?
The Liberal reforms gave little help to most women because few women benefitted from National Insurance, so they had no healthcare unless they could afford it.
Why did Conservative politicians think the reforms went too far?
Conservative politicians thought the reforms went too far because they feared people would rely on government aid and that taxes were too high.
Who wrote the 1942 report that identified the 'five giants'?
The 1942 report that identified the 'five giants' was written by Sir William Beveridge.
Beveridge argued for a welfare state that would care for people 'from the cradle to the '.
Beveridge argued for a welfare state that would care for people 'from the cradle to the grave'.
Name the five giants identified in the Beveridge Report.
The five giants identified in the Beveridge Report were Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness.
Define welfare state.
A welfare state is a system where the government provides social services such as healthcare and unemployment benefits, funded by taxes.
Which country was the first to develop a welfare state, in the 1880s?
The first country to develop a welfare state, in the 1880s, was Germany.
Which minister launched the NHS in 1948?
The NHS was launched in 1948 by Aneurin Bevan, under the Labour government.
The NHS provided care for everyone at the point of access.
The NHS provided free care for everyone at the point of access.
How was the NHS funded?
The NHS was funded through workers' National Insurance payments (taxes).
Why did many GPs resist the creation of the NHS?
Many GPs resisted the creation of the NHS because they lost income and faced a large increase in demand for their services.
In which year did the government begin to charge for prescriptions?
The government began to charge for prescriptions in 1951.
True or False?
Wealthier people resented the NHS because they did not want to pay higher taxes.
True.
Wealthier people resented the NHS because they did not want to pay higher taxes.
Which healthy-living campaign did the government introduce in 2015?
The healthy-living campaign the government introduced in 2015 was Change4Life.
An population means people are living for longer, increasing NHS costs.
An ageing population means people are living for longer, increasing NHS costs.
Who published the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA in 1953?
The discovery of the double helix structure of DNA was published in 1953 by Francis Crick and James Watson.
A woman with the gene in her DNA has an increased chance of developing breast cancer.
A woman with the BRCA gene in her DNA has an increased chance of developing breast cancer.
Which food type in the diet may cause Type 2 diabetes?
The food type in the diet that may cause Type 2 diabetes is too much sugar.
Who launched the Human Genome Project, and in which year?
The Human Genome Project was launched by James Watson, in 1990.
Define radiotherapy.
Radiotherapy is a cancer treatment that aims radiation at a tumour to reduce its size.
What does chemotherapy involve?
Chemotherapy involves injecting drugs into a patient over several months to kill or slow cancerous tumours.
A 2018 government report found GPs in England incorrectly prescribed antibiotics to of patients.
A 2018 government report found GPs in England incorrectly prescribed antibiotics to 20% of patients.
Define acupuncture.
Acupuncture is an alternative treatment where small needles are placed on pressure points around the body to relieve pain.
What does aromatherapy use to improve mental and physical wellbeing?
Aromatherapy uses natural oils, which are inhaled or rubbed into the skin, to improve mental and physical wellbeing.
True or False?
A hypnotherapist places a patient into a deep, relaxed state to treat an illness or change a habit.
True.
A hypnotherapist places a patient into a deep, relaxed state to treat an illness or change a habit.
Define laparoscopic (keyhole) surgery.
Laparoscopic (keyhole) surgery involves operations completed through smaller incisions using cameras, helping the body heal more quickly.
An MRI scan uses magnetic fields and waves to produce detailed images.
An MRI scan uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images.
What was the first successful microsurgery organ transplant, and in which year?
The first successful microsurgery organ transplant was a kidney transplant, in 1956.
Sign up to unlock flashcards
or