Challenging Royal Authority (AQA GCSE History: Thematic Study (Paper 2: Section A)): Flashcards
Exam code: 8145
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Define the Reformation.
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Define the Reformation.
The Reformation was a movement that started in the early 1500s and attempted to reform or change Christianity in Europe.
Which German monk inspired the Reformation?
Martin Luther was the German monk who inspired the Reformation.
Define indulgences.
Indulgences were pardons sold by the Catholic Church which, for a fee, meant people were forgiven for sins they had committed.
True or False?
Protestants wanted the bible translated into languages they could understand.
True.
Catholic teaching said the bible had to be written in Latin.
What title did Pope Leo X give Henry VIII in 1521?
Pope Leo X gave Henry VIII the title of Defender of the Faith (Fidei Defensor) in 1521.
In 1534, Henry passed the through Parliament, making him Head of the Church of England.
In 1534, Henry passed the Act of Supremacy through Parliament, making him Head of the Church of England.
Which wife did Henry VIII wish to divorce in order to marry Anne Boleyn?
Henry VIII wished to divorce Catherine of Aragon in order to marry Anne Boleyn.
The Act of Supremacy meant the Catholic Church in no longer had any authority in England.
The Act of Supremacy meant the Catholic Church in Rome no longer had any authority in England.
Who was executed for refusing to recognise Henry as Head of the Church?
Thomas More, Henry's Lord Chancellor, was executed for refusing to recognise Henry as Head of the Church.
Which chief minister convinced Henry to close the monasteries?
Thomas Cromwell was the chief minister who convinced Henry to close the monasteries.
Starting in 1536, Henry and Cromwell closed all small monasteries with an income of less than a year.
Starting in 1536, Henry and Cromwell closed all small monasteries with an income of less than £200 a year.
Define the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
The Dissolution of the Monasteries was the closing of monasteries, when monks and nuns were evicted and the king seized all their land, property and wealth.
Define the Pilgrimage of Grace.
The Pilgrimage of Grace was a 1536 rebellion across the north of England against Henry VIII's religious changes.
Name two roles monasteries and nunneries played in communities.
Monasteries and nunneries provided hospital care for the sick, food for the poor, or shelter for travellers.
Ordinary people were also struggling because of the rising price of food caused by .
Ordinary people were also struggling because of the rising price of food caused by poor harvests.
True or False?
The Pilgrimage of Grace was two separate uprisings.
True.
The first was in Lincolnshire and the second, larger one in Yorkshire.
Who led the Yorkshire rebellion?
The Yorkshire rebellion was led by Robert Aske, a lawyer.
Over people across the north swore the 'Pilgrim's Oath' to defend the Catholic faith.
Over 50,000 people across the north swore the 'Pilgrim's Oath' to defend the Catholic faith.
Who did Henry send to confront the rebels?
Henry sent the Duke of Norfolk, with an army of 5,000, to confront the rebels.
What three promises did Norfolk make to the rebels at Doncaster?
At Doncaster, Norfolk promised that the rebels would be pardoned, no more monasteries closed, and a parliament held in York.
After the rebellion collapsed, rebels were executed, including Robert Aske.
After the rebellion collapsed, 216 rebels were executed, including Robert Aske.
Where was Robert Aske hung?
Robert Aske was hung at York Castle.
How did Henry strengthen his control over the north after the revolt?
Henry strengthened his control over the north by revamping the Council of the North, putting loyal Lords in charge.
True or False?
After the Pilgrimage of Grace the monasteries were reopened.
False.
The monasteries were not reopened and every one was soon closed.
In which year did Charles I become king?
Charles I became king in 1625.
Define the Divine Right of Kings.
The Divine Right of Kings was the belief that a king was appointed by God and was God's representative on Earth.
In 1629 Charles dissolved parliament and didn't recall it until 1640, a period his opponents called the ' '.
In 1629 Charles dissolved parliament and didn't recall it until 1640, a period his opponents called the '11 years of tyranny'.
Who was Charles I's Catholic wife?
Charles I's Catholic wife was Henrietta Maria.
Who became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633?
William Laud became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633, and he introduced Catholic-style worship to the Church of England.
Define Puritans.
Puritans were very strict Protestants who opposed the growing Catholic influence in Charles' England.
True or False?
Charles ordered everyone in Scotland to use a new prayer book.
True.
Many saw it as too close to the Catholic way of worship.
Why did Charles recall Parliament in April 1640?
Charles recalled Parliament in April 1640 because he needed money to deal with the Scottish invasion.
In 1641 Parliament published the , a list of grievances it had with the king.
In 1641 Parliament published the Grand Remonstrance, a list of grievances it had with the king.
How many MPs did Charles try to arrest at Parliament?
Charles tried to arrest five MPs at Parliament, including John Pym; they fled before he arrived.
Define Ship Money.
Ship Money was a tax to pay for naval defences that Charles controversially levied across the whole country in peacetime.
Who refused to pay Ship Money in 1637 and was put on trial as a test case?
John Hampden refused to pay Ship Money in 1637 and was put on trial as a test case.
What often happened to people who refused to pay Ship Money?
People who refused to pay Ship Money were often jailed without trial.
Define Cavaliers.
Cavaliers were those who fought on the side of the King, also known as Royalists.
From which regions did most of the King's support come?
Most of the King's support came from the north and the west of England.
Define Roundheads.
Roundheads were those who fought on the side of Parliament, also known as Parliamentarians.
The term Roundhead came from the shaved heads of the who supported Parliament.
The term Roundhead came from the shaved heads of the London Apprentices who supported Parliament.
Where was support for Parliament strongest?
Support for Parliament was strongest in the south of England, especially London.
Who created Britain's first professional army?
Britain's first professional army was created by Oliver Cromwell, who created the New Model Army.
In the New Model Army, promotion was awarded based on achievement and rather than social class.
In the New Model Army, promotion was awarded based on achievement and ability rather than social class.
True or False?
Oliver Cromwell was committed to abolishing the monarchy.
True.
He was a Puritan and MP who led Parliament's armies.
On what date was the Battle of Naseby fought?
The Battle of Naseby was fought on 16 June 1645.
What was the outcome of the Battle of Naseby?
At the Battle of Naseby, the New Model Army defeated the King's forces, turning the war in Parliament's favour.
The Scottish army was defeated at the in 1648, ending the Second Civil War.
The Scottish army was defeated at the Battle of Preston in 1648, ending the Second Civil War.
What did Charles promise the Scots in return for attacking Parliament?
Charles promised the Scots that he would establish a Presbyterian Church in England similar to the Church of Scotland in return for attacking Parliament.
Define the Rump Parliament.
The Rump Parliament was the MPs left after Roundhead soldiers barred anyone who favoured negotiating with the King; it had no MPs sympathetic to Charles.
What crime was Charles I put on trial for?
Charles I was put on trial for treason.
Of the 135 commissioners appointed to judge Charles, only turned up.
Of the 135 commissioners appointed to judge Charles, only 68 turned up.
Why did Charles refuse to enter a plea?
Charles refused to enter a plea because he argued Parliament had no legal authority to put him on trial.
On what date was Charles I found guilty and sentenced to death?
Charles I was found guilty and sentenced to death on 27 January 1649.
Where was Charles I publicly beheaded?
Charles I was publicly beheaded at London's Whitehall.
True or False?
After Charles' execution England became a republic.
True.
The republic established was called the Commonwealth.
Charles I was publicly beheaded on 30 January .
Charles I was publicly beheaded on 30 January 1649.
What title did Oliver Cromwell take as ruler of the Commonwealth?
As ruler of the Commonwealth, Oliver Cromwell took the title of Lord Protector.
True or False?
Cromwell was offered the Crown in 1657.
True.
He turned it down.
Give one reason Cromwell is viewed negatively.
Cromwell is viewed negatively because he committed great atrocities in Ireland, or his Major Generals enforced strict Puritan laws such as banning Christmas.
How many Major Generals did Cromwell appoint to enforce Puritan laws?
Cromwell appointed 11 Major Generals to enforce Puritan laws.
By 1775 there were separate British colonies in North America.
By 1775 there were 13 separate British colonies in North America.
What became the central demand of the colonists over taxes?
The central demand of the colonists over taxes became 'No taxation without representation'.
Define the Navigation Acts.
The Navigation Acts were British laws forcing American colonists to buy British-made goods even when cheaper or better foreign alternatives were available.
What was the Boston Massacre of 1770?
The Boston Massacre of 1770 was when British soldiers opened fire on a crowd of colonists, killing five men.
Which 1775 event is often seen as the start of the American War of Independence?
The 1775 event often seen as the start of the American War of Independence was the Lexington Incident.
Who was appointed leader of the Continental Army in 1775?
George Washington was appointed leader of the Continental Army in 1775.
In 1776, representatives of 12 colonies met at a congress in and published a Declaration of Independence.
In 1776, representatives of 12 colonies met at a congress in Philadelphia and published a Declaration of Independence.
True or False?
The Declaration of Independence stated that all men are created equal.
True.
Which country's money, troops and ships helped turn the war in the colonists' favour?
France provided the money, troops and ships that helped turn the war in the colonists' favour.
Who was the British commander who surrendered at Yorktown in 1781?
The British commander who surrendered at Yorktown in 1781 was Charles Cornwallis.
At Yorktown, Cornwallis surrendered his troops and 214 artillery pieces to the Americans.
At Yorktown, Cornwallis surrendered his 8,000 troops and 214 artillery pieces to the Americans.
Who became the first president of the United States in 1788?
George Washington became the first president of the United States in 1788.
In what year was slavery finally outlawed in the United States?
Slavery was finally outlawed in the United States in 1865.
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