Reforming the Government (AQA GCSE History: Thematic Study (Paper 2: Section A)): Flashcards
Exam code: 8145
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Define the franchise.
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Define the franchise.
The franchise is the section of society that has the right to vote in elections.
In the early 19th century, what income did property or land need to produce for a man to vote in a county?
To vote in a county, property or land had to produce an income of at least 40 shillings a year.
Define rotten borough.
A rotten borough was a borough with a tiny population but still represented by two MPs, such as Old Sarum.
Define pocket borough.
A pocket borough was a borough where only council members could vote, easily controlled by a rich local landowner.
Regardless of its size, each borough was represented by Members of Parliament.
Regardless of its size, each borough was represented by two Members of Parliament.
How many voters did Westminster have before 1832?
Before 1832, Westminster had 12,000 voters.
True or False?
Before 1832, voters had to publicly declare who they had voted for.
True.
This meant people could be bribed and intimidated.
Why could only rich people afford to stand for election before 1832?
Only rich people could afford to stand for election before 1832 because all MPs were unpaid.
On what date did the Peterloo Massacre take place?
The Peterloo Massacre took place on 16 August 1819.
Up to 100,000 people gathered in in Manchester to hear speakers on electoral reform.
Up to 100,000 people gathered in St Peter's Fields in Manchester to hear speakers on electoral reform.
How many people were killed and injured at the Peterloo Massacre?
At the Peterloo Massacre, at least 11 were killed and over 600 injured.
What did the Six Acts, passed after Peterloo, do?
The Six Acts, passed after Peterloo, banned public meetings of more than 50 people and restricted what could be published.
Who formed the Birmingham Political Union (BPU) in 1829?
The Birmingham Political Union (BPU) was formed in 1829 by Thomas Attwood.
The BPU's petition was signed by people, demanding that all men who pay taxes should be able to vote.
The BPU's petition was signed by 8,000 people, demanding that all men who pay taxes should be able to vote.
Which king replaced George IV in 1830?
William IV replaced George IV in 1830.
Who was the Whig Prime Minister who led the push for electoral reform?
The Whig Prime Minister who led the push for electoral reform was Earl Grey.
Why did serious rioting break out in 1831?
Serious rioting broke out in 1831 because the House of Lords, still dominated by the Conservatives, refused to pass the reform bills.
True or False?
The Great Reform Act was finally passed by the Lords in 1832.
True.
After serious rioting, the Lords finally passed the Great Reform Act in 1832.
How many rotten boroughs lost their MPs under the Great Reform Act?
Under the Great Reform Act, 56 rotten boroughs lost their MPs, and a further 31 had their number halved to one.
In the boroughs, all homeowners and those who paid over a year in rent could now vote.
In the boroughs, all homeowners and those who paid over £10 a year in rent could now vote.
How many towns and cities gained MPs under the Great Reform Act?
Under the Great Reform Act, 42 towns and cities gained MPs.
How did the number of men who could vote change after the Great Reform Act?
After the Great Reform Act, the number of men who could vote increased from around 435,000 to over 650,000.
Which movement was born because working-class men still could not vote after 1832?
The movement born because working-class men still could not vote after 1832 was Chartism.
Define secret ballot.
A secret ballot is voting conducted in private; still absent after 1832, so people could be bullied or bribed.
What did the new Poor Law of 1834 do to those who could not afford food or rent?
The new Poor Law of 1834 sent those who could not afford food or rent to the workhouse, nicknamed 'prisons for the poor'.
Who set up the London Working Men's Association in 1836?
The London Working Men's Association was set up in 1836 by William Lovett.
The Chartists' six demands included that every man over should be able to vote.
The Chartists' six demands included that every man over 21 should be able to vote.
True or False?
The first Chartist petition of 1839 collected over a million signatures.
True.
It was still rejected, with 245 MPs voting against and 46 for.
Define moral force (Chartism).
Moral force was the peaceful approach favoured by moderate Chartists like Lovett, using petitions and argument rather than violence.
Who argued the Chartists should use physical force to intimidate the government?
Feargus O'Connor argued the Chartists should use physical force to intimidate the government.
The second Chartist petition, containing over signatures, was rejected by Parliament in 1842.
The second Chartist petition, containing over 3 million signatures, was rejected by Parliament in 1842.
What were the Plug Riots?
The Plug Riots were protests where workers vandalised factory machinery, similar to the Luddites.
How many signatures did O'Connor claim the third petition of 1848 contained?
O'Connor claimed the third petition of 1848 contained over 5 million signatures, though many were forgeries, including Queen Victoria's name.
How were 50,000 Chartist supporters kept out of the City of London in 1848?
In 1848, 50,000 Chartist supporters were kept out of the City of London by over 85,000 special constables.
In the short term, was Chartism seen as a success or a failure?
In the short term, Chartism was seen as a failure — none of the demands of the People's Charter were met at the time.
Which one of the Chartists' six demands has never been introduced?
The one Chartist demand that has never been introduced is annual elections.
Define the Corn Laws.
The Corn Laws were laws passed in 1815 that blocked wheat imports when prices fell, keeping the price of wheat and bread artificially high.
Why were factory owners against the Corn Laws?
Factory owners were against the Corn Laws because they had to pay workers higher wages so they could afford expensive bread.
True or False?
Business owners believed free trade was fairer and would make Britain wealthier.
True.
They thought foreign countries would use wheat sales to buy British industrial goods.
In , the Anti-Corn Law League was established to coordinate action between different groups.
In 1838, the Anti-Corn Law League was established to coordinate action between different groups.
Who were the two figureheads of the Anti-Corn Law League?
The two figureheads of the Anti-Corn Law League were John Bright and Richard Cobden, who both became MPs.
Besides elections, how did the Anti-Corn Law League spread its arguments to the public?
The Anti-Corn Law League spread its arguments by touring the country to give speeches to large crowds and sending pamphlets to every voter.
Which Prime Minister privately supported repeal but felt unable to act?
The Prime Minister who privately supported repeal but felt unable to act was Sir Robert Peel.
Why were many of Peel's Conservative colleagues opposed to repealing the Corn Laws?
Many of Peel's Conservative colleagues opposed repealing the Corn Laws because they were landowners who benefitted from the high wheat prices.
Define blight (Irish Famine).
Blight was a disease that destroyed the potato crop in Ireland in the early 1840s.
Why could the Corn Laws not relieve the Irish Famine?
The Corn Laws could not relieve the Irish Famine because they meant there was no surplus of wheat to send to Ireland to stave off disaster.
Robert Peel finally repealed the Corn Laws in .
Robert Peel finally repealed the Corn Laws in 1846.
What happened to Peel on the same day the Corn Laws were repealed?
On the same day the Corn Laws were repealed, Peel was forced to resign as Prime Minister.
Define the Triangular Trade.
The Triangular Trade was the trade route where captured Africans were bought with goods, shipped to the Americas as slaves, and the goods their labour produced (sugar, cotton, tobacco) sold in Europe.
It is estimated that about million Africans were enslaved and transported across the Atlantic.
It is estimated that about 12 million Africans were enslaved and transported across the Atlantic.
Approximately how many enslaved Africans died on the Atlantic journey?
About 1.5 million enslaved Africans died on the Atlantic journey.
Who was Olaudah Equiano?
Olaudah Equiano was a formerly enslaved African whose widely-read autobiography exposed the evils of the slave trade.
Which MP for Hull led the parliamentary campaign against slavery?
The MP for Hull who led the parliamentary campaign against slavery was William Wilberforce.
What role did Granville Sharp play in the abolition movement?
Granville Sharp was a lawyer who represented enslaved Africans seeking their freedom, gaining publicity for the cause.
Who led the successful slave rebellion on St Dominique, which became Haiti?
The successful slave rebellion on St Dominique, which became Haiti, was led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.
True or False?
The 1807 Slave Trade Act made it illegal to own enslaved people.
False.
It banned buying and selling enslaved people, but owning them was still legal.
What did the 1833 Slavery Abolition Act do?
The 1833 Slavery Abolition Act made owning another human being illegal throughout the British Empire.
Under the 1833 Act, only enslaved people under the age of were freed immediately.
Under the 1833 Act, only enslaved people under the age of six were freed immediately.
Name one similarity between the Abolition Movement and the Anti-Corn Law League.
One similarity between the Abolition Movement and the Anti-Corn Law League is that both had charismatic figureheads and used peaceful petitions and public meetings (both were also religiously motivated).
Which powerful group opposed both the Abolition Movement and the Anti-Corn Law League?
Both campaigns faced opposition from wealthy MPs who made money from either slavery or selling corn.
What was the '10-hour movement'?
The '10-hour movement' was a campaign, begun by MP Michael Sadler, for a 10-hour working day for under-18s.
Which devout Christian was a prominent supporter of the 10-hour movement?
The devout Christian who was a prominent supporter of the 10-hour movement was Lord Shaftesbury.
What did factory-owner Robert Owen argue a worker's day should be?
Factory-owner Robert Owen argued a worker's day should be 'eight hours labour, eight hours recreation and eight hours rest'.
What did Edwin Chadwick's report conclude caused poverty?
Edwin Chadwick's report concluded that poverty was caused by a lack of access to clean water, not laziness.
What cause did the Quaker Elizabeth Fry campaign for?
The Quaker Elizabeth Fry campaigned for the reform of prisons.
Josephine Butler campaigned to raise the age of consent from 13 to .
Josephine Butler campaigned to raise the age of consent from 13 to 16.
Under the 1833 Factory Act, children under what age were forbidden to work in factories?
Under the 1833 Factory Act, children under nine were forbidden to work in factories.
What did the 1833 Factory Act require under-13s to do each day?
The 1833 Factory Act required under-13s to attend school for two hours a day.
The 1842 Mines Act banned children under 10 and from working underground.
The 1842 Mines Act banned children under 10 and women from working underground.
True or False?
Everyone welcomed the Factory and Mines Acts.
False.
Some said they didn't go far enough; others feared lost wages would send families to the workhouse.
What did the 1847 Ten Hours Act do?
The 1847 Ten Hours Act limited children in the textile industry to working 10 hours a day.
Define workhouse.
A workhouse was an institution where the destitute were sent to live and work; families feared being sent there if reforms cut their wages.
Define trade union.
A trade union is an organisation that collectively argues for workers' pay and conditions with employers.
What did the Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800 do?
The Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800 made combinations (early trade unions) illegal.
Who set up the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union (GNCTU) in 1833?
The Grand National Consolidated Trades Union (GNCTU) was set up in 1833 by Robert Owen.
The GNCTU attracted members before collapsing in 1834.
The GNCTU attracted 500,000 members before collapsing in 1834.
Who were the Tolpuddle Martyrs?
The Tolpuddle Martyrs were six Dorset farm labourers transported to Australia in 1834 for swearing a secret union oath.
Why were the Tolpuddle Martyrs actually convicted?
The Tolpuddle Martyrs were actually convicted because, although forming a union was legal, swearing a secret oath was not.
True or False?
The Tolpuddle Martyrs were eventually pardoned.
True.
This came after three years of campaigning.
What benefit did members of 'New Model Unions' receive for a subscription?
For a subscription, members of 'New Model Unions' received payments if they became injured, sick or unemployed.
What national body was formed in 1868 to coordinate the unions?
The national body formed in 1868 to coordinate the unions was the Trades Union Congress (TUC).
Which journalist exposed the conditions of the Bryant and May workers in 1888?
The journalist who exposed the conditions of the Bryant and May workers in 1888 was Annie Besant.
Why was the 1888 Matchgirls' Strike significant?
The 1888 Matchgirls' Strike was significant because it was the first successful strike by unskilled workers.
In the 1889 Dockers' Strike, workers demanded the 'dockers' tanner' — a wage of pence an hour.
In the 1889 Dockers' Strike, workers demanded the 'dockers' tanner' — a wage of 6 (six) pence an hour.
Which political party, established in 1893, grew out of the trade union movement?
The political party, established in 1893, that grew out of the trade union movement was the Labour Party.
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