Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture (Cambridge (CIE) A Level Biology): Flashcards
Exam code: 9700
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Define genetically modified organism (GMO).
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Define genetically modified organism (GMO).
An organism whose genome has been altered by genetic engineering, e.g. by inserting a gene from another organism.
How can genetic engineering help meet the global demand for food?
By improving the quality and productivity of farmed animals and crop plants — e.g. faster growth, higher yields, pest or herbicide resistance.
How has GM salmon been engineered to improve productivity?
It carries genes that keep growth hormone production switched on, so it grows to market size much faster than normal salmon.
What is the benefit of herbicide resistance in GM soybean?
Farmers can spray herbicide to kill weeds without harming the crop, reducing competition and increasing yield.
How does insect-resistant GM cotton (Bt cotton) protect the crop?
It contains a Bt gene that makes the plant produce a toxin lethal to insect pests, reducing crop damage and pesticide use.
An organism whose genome has been altered by genetic engineering is called a genetically organism.
An organism whose genome has been altered by genetic engineering is called a genetically modified organism.
State two potential benefits of using GMOs in food production.
Higher yields and better-quality food, helping to feed a growing population.
Reduced pesticide/herbicide use and crops that can grow in poorer conditions.
State two environmental concerns about GM crops.
Transferred genes may spread to wild plants (e.g. herbicide resistance passing to weeds).
Possible reduction in biodiversity and harm to non-target organisms.
State one social or economic concern about GMOs in agriculture.
Farmers may become dependent on buying seed from large biotech companies, and GM seed may be unaffordable for poorer farmers.
State one concern about the safety of eating GM food.
Possible unknown long-term health effects or introduction of allergens, though no harm has been demonstrated in approved GM foods.
Give one argument in favour of GMOs despite the ethical concerns.
They can increase food security and reduce hunger by producing more, more nutritious, or more reliable crops.
True or False?
Genes from GM crops could spread to wild plant populations.
True.
Cross-pollination can transfer genes (e.g. herbicide resistance) to wild relatives or weeds.
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