The Norman Church and Monasticism (AQA GCSE History: British Depth Study (Paper 2: Section B)): Flashcards
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Into how many archbishoprics was the Anglo-Saxon Church divided?
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Into how many archbishoprics was the Anglo-Saxon Church divided?
The Anglo-Saxon Church was divided into two archbishoprics.
Which archbishop was the most important churchman in England and oversaw the south?
The most important churchman in England, who oversaw the south, was the Archbishop of Canterbury.
The Archbishop of oversaw the north and was the second most important churchman.
The Archbishop of York oversaw the north and was the second most important churchman.
Who was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1052?
The Archbishop of Canterbury from 1052 was Stigand.
True or False?
Stigand was a very religious man who always followed church rules.
False.
He was a skilled politician but was not very religious and often broke church rules, which angered the pope.
Which family's support meant Stigand kept his position until the Norman Conquest?
The family whose support meant Stigand kept his position until the Norman Conquest was the Godwins.
Define diocese.
A diocese was a church area (bishopric) overseen by a bishop.
Each bishopric or diocese was divided into , which had their own priest.
Each bishopric or diocese was divided into parishes, which had their own priest.
Name one service performed by parish priests.
Parish priests performed services such as marriages or funerals (they also provided spiritual guidance).
Name one major monastery or abbey in England in 1066.
A major monastery or abbey in England in 1066 was Glastonbury, Westminster, Ely or Bury St Edmunds.
True or False?
The Anglo-Saxon Church was seen as too independent and out of step with the Church in the rest of Europe.
True.
This was one of the main reasons the pope supported William's invasion in 1066.
How many main criticisms were there of the Anglo-Saxon Church?
There were four main criticisms of the Anglo-Saxon Church (pluralism, celibacy, simony and nepotism).
In which year was Lanfranc appointed Archbishop of Canterbury?
Lanfranc was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1070.
Whom did Lanfranc replace as Archbishop of Canterbury?
Lanfranc replaced Stigand as Archbishop of Canterbury.
Which Archbishop of York had a power struggle with Lanfranc over primacy?
The Archbishop of York who had a power struggle with Lanfranc over primacy was Thomas.
Lanfranc replaced all of the Anglo-Saxon bishops except for Bishop of Worcester.
Lanfranc replaced all of the Anglo-Saxon bishops except for Bishop Wulfstan of Worcester.
Define archdeacon (in the Norman Church).
An archdeacon was a new role created by Lanfranc, given religious authority over the shires.
True or False?
By 1200, Westminster Abbey was the only Anglo-Saxon cathedral that had not been demolished and rebuilt.
True.
By 1200, Westminster Abbey was the only Anglo-Saxon cathedral that had not been demolished and rebuilt.
In which architectural style were Norman churches and monasteries rebuilt?
Norman churches and monasteries were rebuilt in the Romanesque style.
A key Romanesque feature was arches over doors and windows.
A key Romanesque feature was rounded arches over doors and windows.
Name one spectacular Norman cathedral built to be more impressive than anything in Anglo-Saxon England.
A spectacular Norman cathedral built to be more impressive than anything in Anglo-Saxon England was Norwich, Ely, Winchester, Bury St Edmunds or Durham.
Define synod.
A synod was a council of bishops, used by Lanfranc to bring in his reforms.
At which 1076 council did Lanfranc establish the Church courts?
Lanfranc established the Church courts at the Council of Winchester in 1076.
What did the Church courts mean for members of the clergy accused of crimes?
For members of the clergy accused of crimes, the Church courts meant they could no longer be tried in the normal, secular courts — only in Church courts (synods).
Who was the most powerful and influential individual in Western Europe during the 11th century?
The most powerful and influential individual in Western Europe during the 11th century was the pope.
Where did members of the clergy stand trial if accused of a crime?
Members of the clergy accused of a crime stood trial in special Church courts.
Which pope gave his blessing and support to William's conquest of England in 1066?
The pope who gave his blessing and support to William's conquest of England in 1066 was Pope Alexander II.
William decided who was appointed to key Church positions such as archbishops and .
William decided who was appointed to key Church positions such as archbishops and bishops.
Which pope, who took office in 1073, wanted tighter control over the Church in England and demanded William swear fealty to him?
The pope who took office in 1073, wanted tighter control over the Church in England and demanded William swear fealty to him was Gregory VII.
How did William I respond to Pope Gregory VII's demand that he swear fealty?
In response to Pope Gregory VII's demand that he swear fealty, William I refused.
Which pope replaced Gregory VII and promised not to interfere with the running of the English Church?
The pope who replaced Gregory VII and promised not to interfere with the running of the English Church was Pope Urban II.
Define investiture.
Investiture was when a king ceremoniously gave a bishop a ring and a staff as emblems of their position.
Why did many in the Church, including Pope Urban II, think investiture was wrong?
Many in the Church, including Pope Urban II, thought investiture was wrong because it implied that bishops got their power and authority from the king rather than the pope.
Which archbishop did Henry I exile in 1103 for refusing to pay homage?
The archbishop Henry I exiled in 1103 for refusing to pay homage was Archbishop Anselm.
True or False?
After Anselm's exile, the pope threatened to excommunicate Henry.
True.
After Anselm's exile, the pope threatened to excommunicate Henry.
The investiture crisis ended at the Concordat of London in .
The investiture crisis ended at the Concordat of London in 1107.
At the Concordat of London, what did Henry I agree to give up?
At the Concordat of London, Henry I agreed to give up his rights to investiture.
By what other name was William II known?
William II was also known as William Rufus.
Which bishop did Rufus charge with treason in 1088 after he failed to send promised reinforcements?
The bishop Rufus charged with treason in 1088 after he failed to send promised reinforcements was William of Saint-Calais, the Bishop of Durham.
Saint-Calais stood trial in a secular court in in November 1088.
Saint-Calais stood trial in a secular court in Salisbury in November 1088.
What happened to Saint-Calais after he was found guilty of treason?
After he was found guilty of treason, Saint-Calais was stripped of his bishopric and sent into exile.
Why did Rufus deliberately delay naming a successor after Lanfranc died in 1089?
Rufus deliberately delayed naming a successor after Lanfranc died in 1089 so that the rents and profits from Lanfranc's lands would go directly to the King.
Whom did Rufus choose as the new Archbishop of Canterbury in 1093?
Rufus chose Anselm, the Abbot of Bec monastery, as the new Archbishop of Canterbury in 1093.
Which one of Anselm's conditions did Rufus refuse to agree to?
The one condition of Anselm's that Rufus refused to agree to was returning the lands that had previously belonged to Lanfranc.
Define pallium.
A pallium was a special robe or vestment given by the pope, which Anselm travelled to Rome to receive.
In which year was the Council of Rockingham held to settle the dispute between Rufus and Anselm?
The Council of Rockingham, held to settle the dispute between Rufus and Anselm, took place in 1095.
True or False?
The Council of Rockingham successfully found a solution both sides agreed on.
False.
A truce was called but the Council failed to find a solution both sides would agree on.
In 1097, relations broke down completely and Anselm was from England.
In 1097, relations broke down completely and Anselm was exiled from England.
Define simony.
Simony was the practice of selling Church roles and positions.
Whom did Rufus appoint as Bishop of Durham in exchange for £1000?
Rufus appointed Ranulf Flambard as Bishop of Durham in exchange for £1000.
Whose rules did Benedictine monks follow?
Benedictine monks followed the rules of St Benedict (who lived in the 6th century).
There were 24 monasteries in England by 1077.
There were 24 Cluniac monasteries in England by 1077.
Which order believed the Cluniacs lived lives that were too comfortable and settled in remote northern England?
The order that believed the Cluniacs lived lives that were too comfortable, and settled in remote northern England, was the Cistercians.
What animals did the Cistercians farm to become very successful and wealthy?
The Cistercians farmed sheep to become very successful and wealthy.
What was the name given to the Cistercians' success in founding monasteries in wild and remote places?
The name given to the Cistercians' success in founding monasteries in wild and remote places was the 'Northern Revival'.
Which archbishop reformed and expanded the monasteries of Norman England?
The archbishop who reformed and expanded the monasteries of Norman England was Lanfranc.
Under Lanfranc's new rules, whose approval was required for the creation of new saints?
Under Lanfranc's new rules, the pope's approval was required for the creation of new saints.
True or False?
The Cluniac monasteries were important and influential in spreading Lanfranc's reforms.
True.
The Cluniac monasteries were important and influential in spreading Lanfranc's reforms.
The number of monasteries in England increased from around 60 in 1066 to over by 1135.
The number of monasteries in England increased from around 60 in 1066 to over 250 by 1135.
Which abbey did William I pay to build to commemorate his victory at Hastings?
The abbey William I paid to build to commemorate his victory at Hastings was Battle Abbey.
Give one reason the Normans built monasteries.
One reason the Normans built monasteries was to give alms to the poor, house travellers and care for the sick, or to act as centres of learning and book production (any valid reason).
Define obedientiaries.
Obedientiaries were monks who had particular responsibilities within the monastery.
What was the role of the Cellarer in a monastery?
The role of the Cellarer in a monastery was to be responsible for the food and drink.
In Anglo-Saxon England, who educated almost everybody who received a formal education?
In Anglo-Saxon England, almost everybody who received a formal education was educated by monks or nuns.
Why could only the rich afford education in Anglo-Saxon England?
Only the rich could afford education in Anglo-Saxon England because education had to be paid for.
Define writs.
Writs were instructions from the king (written in English in Anglo-Saxon times).
Why did merchants in growing Norman towns want their children educated?
Merchants in growing Norman towns wanted their children educated so that they could be literate and numerate and become successful traders.
There were schools in England by the start of the 13th century.
There were 75 schools in England by the start of the 13th century.
Under the Normans, in which language was education conducted instead of Latin or English?
Under the Normans, education was conducted in French instead of Latin or English.
From what age did boys attend grammar schools in Norman England?
Boys attended grammar schools in Norman England from the age of 10.
From what does the name 'grammar school' come?
The name 'grammar school' comes from the detailed understanding of Latin grammar that students were taught.
True or False?
Girls were taught in grammar schools in Norman England.
False.
No girls were taught in grammar schools.
Which two universities were the first in England, founded by the Church?
The first two universities in England, founded by the Church, were Oxford and Cambridge.
Which subject was viewed as the most important of all at university?
The subject viewed as the most important of all at university was theology.
All lectures, lessons and writing at universities were completed in .
All lectures, lessons and writing at universities were completed in Latin.
Who were the students at Norman universities?
The students at Norman universities were all male, and almost all members of the nobility or Church.
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