Social & Cultural Changes, 1949-76 (Edexcel A Level History: Route E: Communist states in the twentieth century): Flashcards
Exam code: 9HI0
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Define concubine.
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Cards in this collection (45)
Define concubine.
A concubine was a mistress a husband kept in the family home for sex, while the wife raised children and completed domestic chores.
What percentage of Chinese females received an education in 1949?
In 1949, only 2.2 per cent of Chinese females received any education, compared with 45.2 per cent of males.
True or False?
The 1950 Marriage Law was fully enforced across all of China.
False.
Many people complained it was not enforced, and arranged marriages and foot binding continued in rural areas.
By 1978, per cent of primary school students were girls.
By 1978, 45 per cent of primary school students were girls.
Define foot binding.
Foot binding was the practice of breaking the toes of young girls and binding them tightly under the foot, which restricted foot growth and left women with disabilities.
How did collectivisation affect women's property rights?
Collectivisation removed women's property rights, because all private property was banned, undoing the inheritance gains of the 1950 Marriage Law.
Define the 1950 Marriage Law.
The 1950 Marriage Law was the CCP's attempt to improve women's lives, outlawing arranged marriage, concubines and infanticide and letting widows inherit property.
True or False?
Women in the communes received the same food rations as men.
False.
Women frequently received insufficient food, as communal mess halls allocated rations based on the physical labour performed.
Under Communist rule, the number of increased as women were able to escape unhappy marriages.
Under Communist rule, the number of divorces increased as women were able to escape unhappy marriages.
Which woman held an important leadership role within the CCP?
Jiang Qing, Mao's wife, rose to an important leadership role within the CCP.
Define the Women's Association.
The Women's Association was a body created to encourage political activism among women, campaigning against prostitution and domestic violence; its membership grew to 76 million.
Define Pinyin.
Pinyin was a system introduced by the CCP that used Latin letters to spell out the sounds of Mandarin characters, helping learners read phonetically.
How did China's literacy rate change between 1949 and 1964?
Literacy rose from around 2 in 10 in 1949 to 64 per cent by 1964.
True or False?
Before 1949, roughly equal proportions of Chinese males and females attended school.
False.
Before 1949 around 45 per cent of males attended school, compared with only around 2 per cent of females.
Primary school attendance rose from 24 million in 1949 to million by 1957.
Primary school attendance rose from 24 million in 1949 to 64 million by 1957.
Define 'barefoot doctors'.
'Barefoot doctors' were people given three to six months of medical training and sent into rural areas to teach hygiene and provide basic healthcare.
Why were teachers targeted during the Cultural Revolution?
Teachers were targeted because they were seen as representing traditional authority, and many thousands were killed.
Define winter schools.
Winter schools provided short educational courses for workers, with an official 42 million peasants attending in the winter of 1951-52.
True or False?
The Cultural Revolution caused China's schools and universities to close.
True.
Schools and universities closed as millions of young people joined the Red Guards and teachers were attacked.
'Barefoot doctors' were given between three and months of medical training.
'Barefoot doctors' were given between three and six months of medical training.
What happened to life expectancy under CCP healthcare reforms?
Life expectancy rose and infant mortality fell, despite the deaths caused by the Great Famine.
How did the 'Up to the Mountains, Down to the Villages' campaign affect young people's education?
The 'Up to the Mountains, Down to the Villages' campaign sent millions of urban young people to the countryside to live as peasants, so their education stopped.
Which art did Jiang Qing ban for containing 'Four Olds' themes?
Jiang Qing banned any art she judged to contain 'Four Olds' themes, such as respect for family, romance or wealth.
Which slogan summed up Jiang Qing's control of the arts?
The slogan 'Make it revolution or ban it' summed up Jiang Qing's control of the arts.
True or False?
Revolutionary culture under Mao has been praised as artistically rich and diverse.
False.
It was heavily criticised as a 'cultural desert', with original art replaced by repetitive CCP propaganda.
By 1974, the film Taking Tiger Mountain had been watched an estimated billion times.
By 1974, the film Taking Tiger Mountain had been watched an estimated 7.3 billion times.
Define the Socialist Aesthetic.
The Socialist Aesthetic was a bright, uplifting and accessible style of art that depicted workers and peasants as heroes and celebrated the revolution with no hidden meaning.
Which two regional cultures did the CCP target for destruction?
The CCP targeted the Buddhist culture of Tibet and the Islamic culture of Xinjiang.
Define the Eight Model Plays.
The Eight Model Plays were the only productions Jiang Qing allowed to be staged, comprising five operas, two ballets and one symphony that all promoted communist ideology.
True or False?
Most foreign art was banned during the Cultural Revolution.
True.
Most foreign art was banned, and many Chinese artists were fired or too afraid of denunciation to create new work.
During the Cultural Revolution, Jiang Qing became the leader of the ' '.
During the Cultural Revolution, Jiang Qing became the leader of the 'Gang of Four'.
How did propaganda teams spread revolutionary films to remote villages?
Propaganda teams travelled into remote villages with mobile projectors to spread CCP messages.
Define Jiang Qing.
Jiang Qing was Mao's fourth wife, who rose to power during the Cultural Revolution and controlled art and culture as leader of the 'Gang of Four'.
Define ancestor worship.
Ancestor worship was the belief in a reciprocal relationship between the living and the dead, sustained by tending graves and temples, which the CCP condemned as backward superstition.
Why did the CCP view Christianity with particular suspicion?
The CCP viewed Christianity as representing Western capitalist imperialism.
True or False?
The CCP completely eradicated religion from China by 1976.
False.
All religions were severely weakened but none was completely eradicated; Buddhism remained the most widely practised religion in China.
During the Cultural Revolution, over Tibetan monasteries were destroyed.
During the Cultural Revolution, over 6,000 Tibetan monasteries were destroyed.
Define the 'Patriotic Churches'.
The 'Patriotic Churches' were state-controlled Christian churches established in 1953 that hung portraits of Mao in their churches, schools and hospitals.
What happened to the Dalai Lama after the 1959 Tibetan uprising?
The Dalai Lama fled to northern India after the 1959 uprising triggered a harsher Chinese clampdown.
Define the Chinese Islamic Association.
The Chinese Islamic Association was a state body that all Muslim leaders were required to join, bringing Islam under CCP control.
What did the CCP replace the Qingming festival with?
The CCP replaced the Qingming festival with National Memorial Day, honouring Communist soldiers who died in the Civil War rather than ancestors.
True or False?
Confucianism is a religion.
False.
Confucianism is a philosophical set of beliefs based on Confucius, not a religion.
The People's Liberation Army first invaded Tibet in .
The People's Liberation Army first invaded Tibet in 1950.
Define Confucianism.
Confucianism was a philosophical set of beliefs based on Confucius that stressed the importance of family and kinship, and was rejected by the CCP as holding China back.
Besides ideology, why did the CCP target Muslim provinces such as Xinjiang?
They were targeted on strategic grounds, being close to the Soviet Union and holding valuable oil and gas reserves.
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