Establishing Communist Rule (Edexcel A Level History: Route E: Communist states in the twentieth century): Flashcards
Exam code: 9HI0
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Define the Long March.
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Cards in this collection (59)
Define the Long March.
The Long March was the Communists' retreat to Yan'an, during which Mao Zedong emerged as the leader of the CCP at the Zunyi Conference in 1935.
By how much was China's factory output in 1949 below its 1939 level?
China's factory output in 1949 was 44 per cent below what it had produced in 1939.
True or False?
In Manchuria, much of the industrial and mining equipment was confiscated and taken to the USSR.
True.
Soviet soldiers occupied Manchuria at the end of the Second World War and much of its industrial and mining equipment was taken to the USSR.
Retreating Nationalist forces deliberately industrial equipment to prevent the Communists from benefiting from it.
Retreating Nationalist forces deliberately sabotaged industrial equipment to prevent the Communists from benefiting from it.
Define the Guomindang.
The Guomindang was the Nationalist party, led by Chiang Kai-shek, which fought the CCP for control of China until 1949.
What proportion of China's population were peasants in 1949?
Peasants made up 80 per cent of China's population in 1949.
Define hyperinflation.
Hyperinflation was the extreme rise in prices caused when the Nationalists printed more currency to pay their soldiers, driving people to barter goods instead.
Where did Chiang Kai-shek flee in December 1949?
In December 1949, Chiang Kai-shek fled with his government and remaining forces to the island of Taiwan.
True or False?
In 1949 most wealthy city-dwellers with property to lose supported the Communists.
False.
Wealthy people in the cities were mostly opposed to the Communists; it was the rural peasants who supported them.
In 1949, women were not allowed to own and were not considered equal to men.
In 1949, women were not allowed to own property and were not considered equal to men.
Define the People's Republic of China.
The People's Republic of China was the communist state Mao Zedong declared in 1949 following the victory of the CCP in the civil war.
Roughly how many Chinese people died as a result of the Second World War?
An estimated 20 million Chinese people died as a result of World War II.
Define the Common Programme.
The Common Programme was the temporary constitution created at the CPPCC in September 1949 that formally established the CCP's position of power.
When did the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) take place?
The CPPCC took place in September 1949.
True or False?
Under democratic centralism, it was possible to elect a representative who was not a member of the CCP.
False.
Only CCP members could be elected, and the whole process was controlled by the CCP.
The PLA won support for the CCP by arresting the who had terrorised people in the countryside.
The PLA won support for the CCP by arresting the criminal gangs who had terrorised people in the countryside.
Define democratic centralism.
Democratic centralism was the CCP's system in which councils elected representatives to regional congresses, but only CCP members could be elected and the whole process was controlled by the CCP.
How many members did the CCP have by 1950?
The CCP had over 5.8 million members by 1950.
Define Danwei.
Danwei were the individual work units into which the CCP divided the workforce, through which most urban workers gained access to permits and rations.
What position made Mao Zedong China's Head of State?
Mao was Chairman of the Central People's Government, which made him Head of State.
True or False?
Mao's power as Head of State was absolute, and officially he made every government decision alone.
False.
Mao's power was not absolute; official decisions were reached through collective leadership.
Mao did not control the government, as many policy disputes took place behind closed doors.
Mao did not single-handedly control the government, as many policy disputes took place behind closed doors.
Define the People's Liberation Army (PLA).
The PLA was the CCP's military force, which suppressed political opponents, arrested criminal gangs and helped rebuild China's infrastructure.
To what figure did the number of government bureaucrats rise by 1959?
The number of bureaucrats rose from 720,000 in 1949 to 7.9 million in 1959.
Define the Three Antis Movement.
The Three Antis Movement, launched in 1951, targeted corruption, waste and bureaucracy within the CCP and state.
In which year did the PLA invade Tibet?
The PLA invaded Tibet in 1950.
True or False?
The province of Guangdong had remained loyal to the Communists until the very end of the Civil War.
False.
Guangdong remained loyal to the Nationalists, so Mao ordered it to be cleared of them to secure Communist control.
The Three Antis Movement was launched in , one year before the Five Antis Movement.
The Three Antis Movement was launched in 1951, one year before the Five Antis Movement.
Define the Five Antis Movement.
The Five Antis Movement, launched in 1952, targeted bribery, tax evasion, cheating on government contracts, theft of state property and stealing state economic intelligence, hitting business owners hardest.
How many people were held in the Laogai camps by 1955?
Over 1.3 million people were held in the Laogai camps by 1955.
Define the Laogai.
The Laogai, meaning 'reform through labour', was the vast network of forced labour prison camps used to hold and 'reform' the CCP's opponents.
Roughly how many people were executed in Guangdong?
It is believed around 28,000 people were executed in Guangdong.
True or False?
Much of the population of Xinjiang was Muslim, with close ties to people across the border in the Soviet Union.
True.
These ties raised fears of Soviet influence, leading Mao to remove opposition in Xinjiang by 1950.
After the PLA invaded Tibet, the Dalai Lama was forced to flee and Tibet's traditions were banned.
After the PLA invaded Tibet, the Dalai Lama was forced to flee and Tibet's Buddhist traditions were banned.
Define capitalist tigers.
Capitalist tigers was the term for the business owners (bourgeoisie) most targeted by the Five Antis Movement.
Which organised criminal gangs did the PLA suppress?
The PLA suppressed gangs such as the Triads, executing thousands and intimidating the survivors into stopping their activities.
Define the Hundred Flowers Campaign.
The Hundred Flowers Campaign was Mao's call in 1956–57 for people to openly debate and criticise the CCP's policies and leaders.
What did Mao say to launch the Hundred Flowers Campaign?
Mao said, 'let a hundred flowers bloom, and a hundred schools of thought contend'.
True or False?
When Mao first called for debate, people immediately and enthusiastically criticised the CCP.
False.
People were initially very reluctant; Mao had to encourage them, even demanding the campaign be covered in the newspapers.
Many historians believe the Hundred Flowers Campaign was a used by Mao to make critics expose themselves.
Many historians believe the Hundred Flowers Campaign was a ploy used by Mao to make critics expose themselves.
Define the Anti-Rightist Campaign.
The Anti-Rightist Campaign was the CCP's crackdown on those who had criticised the Party during the Hundred Flowers Campaign, branding them 'Rightists'.
Roughly how many people were arrested in the aftermath of the Hundred Flowers Campaign?
Around 500,000 people were arrested in the aftermath of the campaign.
Define 'Rightists'.
'Rightists' was Mao's label for those who had criticised the CCP, whom he accused of wanting to destroy the revolution and restore capitalism.
True or False?
Those branded 'Rightists' were punished only with fines.
False.
'Rightists' were sent to labour camps or forced rural labour, demoted or sacked, or executed.
The climate of fear meant intellectuals felt unable to speak out during the disastrous .
The climate of fear meant intellectuals felt unable to speak out during the disastrous Great Leap Forward.
When did Mao call a sudden halt to the Hundred Flowers debates?
Mao called a sudden halt to the debates in June 1957.
Define Khrushchev's 'secret speech'.
Khrushchev's 'secret speech' of February 1956 criticised Stalin for his use of terror, imprisonment and secret police.
Define the 'Resist America, Aid Korea' campaign.
The 'Resist America, Aid Korea' campaign was a CCP propaganda drive to boost national pride and unity, encouraging workers to donate their wages to the war effort.
When did Kim Il Sung launch the invasion of South Korea?
Kim Il Sung launched the invasion of the South in June 1950.
True or False?
Mao was eager to join the Korean War from the very beginning.
False.
Mao was initially reluctant to get involved; he joined only when UN forces crossed the 38th parallel and approached the Chinese border.
Over Chinese soldiers fought in the Korean War.
Over 3 million Chinese soldiers fought in the Korean War.
Define the 38th parallel.
The 38th parallel was the dividing line separating Communist North Korea from the non-Communist South.
Roughly how many Chinese soldiers were killed in the Korean War?
Around 700,000 Chinese soldiers were killed, including Mao's eldest son.
Define Kim Il Sung.
Kim Il Sung was the Soviet-appointed leader of North Korea who launched the invasion of the South in June 1950.
Approximately how much did the Korean War cost China?
The war cost in the region of 10 billion US dollars, much of it borrowed from the Soviet Union.
True or False?
Fighting in Korea strengthened China's relationship with the Soviet Union.
True.
It allowed Mao to prove he was a useful and formidable ally to Stalin, and the survival of North Korea gave China another Communist ally.
The Korean War gave China enormous international by holding off a superpower backed by more than a dozen nations.
The Korean War gave China enormous international prestige by holding off a superpower backed by more than a dozen nations.
Define the UN force in Korea.
The UN force, led by the USA, was authorised to defend South Korea; it drove out North Korean troops before advancing towards the Chinese border.
What did the USA pledge to defend as a result of the Korean War?
The USA pledged to defend Taiwan from a Chinese attack.
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