The Cultural Revolution & Aftermath, 1966-76 (Edexcel A Level History: Route E: Communist states in the twentieth century): Flashcards
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Define permanent revolution.
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Cards in this collection (47)
Define permanent revolution.
Permanent revolution was Mao's idea that those in power should be continually replaced by more dedicated communists before bourgeois habits could develop.
Who took steps to repair the damage of the Great Leap Forward while Mao stepped back?
Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping took steps to rectify the damage caused by the Communes and the Second Five-Year Plan.
True or False?
Mao feared the Chinese revolution would become stagnant, as he believed had happened in the Soviet Union.
True.
Mao feared the revolution would stagnate as in the Soviet Union, likening renewal to a body exhaling carbon dioxide and inhaling fresh oxygen.
Define the pragmatists within the CCP.
The pragmatists were Communists such as Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping who favoured a gradual, careful introduction of reforms.
Which organisation did Mao's supporter Lin Biao head?
Lin Biao was head of the People's Liberation Army (PLA).
Mao's supporter Kang Sheng was chief of the .
Mao's supporter Kang Sheng was chief of the secret police.
Define the ideologues within the CCP.
The ideologues, led by Mao, saw a pragmatic approach as a betrayal of the revolution and wanted a return to radical revolution.
Which historian argued the Cultural Revolution was essentially an intra-elite power struggle?
Kerry Brown argued the Cultural Revolution was, on one level, simply an intra-elite power struggle and Mao's bid to regain control.
True or False?
The pragmatists who opposed Mao's permanent revolution were not Communists.
False.
Mao's opponents were still Communists; they simply backed a more gradual and pragmatic approach.
Define the Cultural Revolution.
The Cultural Revolution was Mao's campaign to purge the bourgeois bureaucracy and replace it with new, more radical communists.
How did Roderick MacFarquhar explain Mao's motives for the Cultural Revolution?
Roderick MacFarquhar argued it was Mao's attempt to apply Marxist theory in a uniquely Chinese context, free of the Soviet model.
Define the Red Guards.
The Red Guards were Mao's most committed young supporters, mobilised in 1966 to attack his opponents and symbols of authority.
When was the first of the eight mass rallies held?
The first mass rally was held in August 1966, when one million Red Guards crammed into Tiananmen Square.
True or False?
Mao eventually used the People's Liberation Army (PLA) to restore order and suppress the Red Guards.
True.
Mao used the PLA to restore order once he realised attacking it would leave China vulnerable to chaos and foreign attack.
All members of the Red Guards were given free so they could travel to rallies and reach targets.
All members of the Red Guards were given free rail passes so they could travel to rallies and reach targets.
Define the 'Four Olds'.
The 'Four Olds' were old ideas, old culture, old customs and old habits, which Mao told the Red Guards to destroy.
How many copies of the Little Red Book had been published by 1967?
By 1967, an estimated 370 million copies of the Little Red Book had been published.
Define the Little Red Book.
The Little Red Book was a collection of Mao's statements, with a foreword by Lin Biao, used as an indoctrination tool.
Why were young people useful to Mao, given the Great Famine?
Young people did not blame Mao for the Great Famine and instead viewed him as a God-like hero.
True or False?
Historians agree the overthrown officials were replaced by the young radicals Mao had hoped for.
False.
MacFarquhar and Schoenhals argue they were replaced mainly by PLA officers, not the 'revolutionary successors' Mao wanted.
Around places of historical and cultural importance were destroyed in Beijing.
Around 5,000 places of historical and cultural importance were destroyed in Beijing.
Why did the Red Guards' violence spiral into what became known as 'the Terror'?
Rival Red Guard bands competed to prove their revolutionary loyalty, which drove spiralling murder and violence rather than genuine Maoist ideology.
What did radical rebel workers and Red Guards attempt in January 1967?
In January 1967 they attempted to overthrow Shanghai's CCP leadership, a movement that spread across China.
What state position did Liu Shaoqi hold before his fall?
Liu Shaoqi was President and Head of State, and had overseen the recovery from famine.
Define 'capitalist roader'.
'Capitalist roader' described anyone believed to want any aspect of capitalism retained in China.
True or False?
Lin Biao was targeted because he was a leading pragmatist, like Liu and Deng.
False.
Lin Biao was not from the pragmatist side of the CCP; the reasons Mao targeted him are less clear.
Around CCP officials were executed as traitors during the purges.
Around 14,000 CCP officials were executed as traitors during the purges.
When did Liu Shaoqi die after being denounced as a traitor?
Liu Shaoqi died in November 1969, having been refused hospital treatment for diabetes and pneumonia.
Define 'Bombard the Headquarters'.
'Bombard the Headquarters' was Mao's call for the Red Guards to attack the CCP bureaucracy.
What 'corrective labour' was Deng Xiaoping sent to perform?
Deng Xiaoping was sent to perform 'corrective labour' in a tractor factory.
True or False?
Citizens of over 30 foreign countries were attacked or abused in China during the Cultural Revolution.
True.
The citizens of over 30 foreign countries were attacked, and embassies including those of the USSR, India and the Netherlands were assaulted.
In which year was Lin Biao formally designated Mao's successor in the Party Constitution?
Lin Biao was formally designated Mao's successor in the Party Constitution in 1969.
Red Guards stormed the in Beijing, attacked its staff and set the building on fire.
Red Guards stormed the British Mission in Beijing, attacked its staff and set the building on fire.
Define the 'Gang of Four'.
The 'Gang of Four' was the influential group of Shanghai radicals led by Mao's wife, Jiang Qing.
How did Lin Biao die in 1971?
Lin Biao died when his plane crashed in a Mongolian desert, reportedly while fleeing to the USSR.
How did the 'Up to the Mountains and Down to the Villages' campaign affect the Red Guards?
The 'Up to the Mountains and Down to the Villages' campaign sent around 17 million young people to the countryside, breaking up the Red Guards.
How many suspected Red Guards did the PLA round up on Mao's orders?
The PLA rounded up nearly 2 million suspected Red Guards, accusing them of being 'counter-revolutionaries'.
True or False?
Zhou Enlai survived the purges of the Cultural Revolution.
True.
Zhou Enlai survived the purges by avoiding close association with factions and became increasingly trusted by Mao.
After a long illness, Mao died in 1976.
After a long illness, Mao died in September 1976.
What happened at the memorial for Zhou Enlai in Tiananmen Square in 1976?
Zhou Enlai's memorial turned into a mass demonstration for his moderate policies and against the 'Gang of Four', sparking violence between protestors and riot police.
What position did Deng Xiaoping regain in 1974 after his recall from exile?
Deng Xiaoping regained his position as CCP First Vice Premier in 1974.
Define Zhou Enlai's Four Modernisations.
The Four Modernisations were Zhou Enlai's plans to advance agriculture, industry, defence and technology.
Whom did Mao name as his successor instead of the Gang of Four?
Mao named the little-known Politburo member Hua Guofeng as his successor.
True or False?
Andrew Walder argues most provincial revolutionary committees became a thinly disguised military dictatorship.
True.
Andrew Walder argues most provincial revolutionary committees were dominated by army officers and were a thinly disguised military dictatorship.
When Red Guard leaders complained of being suppressed by a 'black hand', Mao replied: 'I am the '.
When Red Guard leaders complained of being suppressed by a 'black hand', Mao replied: 'I am the black hand'.
Define the 'Gang of Four'.
The 'Gang of Four' were the radicals Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan and Wang Hongwen, who supported continuous revolution.
What was one of Hua Guofeng's first acts after Mao's death?
Hua Guofeng quickly arrested the 'Gang of Four' before they could move against him.
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