Factors Affecting Educational Achievement: Ethnicity (AQA A Level Sociology): Flashcards
Exam code: 7192
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How do most ethnic groups now perform at GCSE compared with White British pupils?
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How do most ethnic groups now perform at GCSE compared with White British pupils?
According to the Education Policy Institute (2024), most ethnic groups now outperform White British pupils at GCSE.
True or False?
Chinese pupils are the highest-achieving ethnic group at GCSE.
True.
The Education Policy Institute (2024) found that Chinese pupils are the highest achievers, while Gypsy/Roma pupils are the lowest-attaining group.
How did Bereiter and Engelmann (1966) view the language of poor Black families?
Bereiter and Engelmann claimed that the language spoken by low-income Black families is inadequate for educational success.
Critics argue that many ethnic minority pupils are ......................, which can be an intellectual advantage.
Critics argue that many ethnic minority pupils are multilingual, which can be an intellectual advantage.
What did Murray (1984) blame for African-Caribbean boys' underachievement?
Murray blamed a lack of positive adult role models and discipline.
What did Sewell (2009) say affects Black boys more than the absence of fathers?
Sewell argued that a lack of 'tough love' and the pull of gangs affect Black boys more than the absence of fathers.
How do Archer and Francis (2005) say Chinese parents view education?
Archer and Francis say Chinese parents see education as a 'family project' and invest time and money in it.
True or False?
Keddie (1973) argues that ethnic minority pupils are culturally deprived.
False.
Keddie argues that these pupils are culturally different, not deprived, and that failure results from ethnocentric schools that privilege white, middle-class norms.
Define multicultural education.
Multicultural education is education that incorporates and values the cultures of minority students in the curriculum.
What did Palmer (2012) find about ethnic minority children's household income?
Palmer found that almost 50% of ethnic minority children live in low-income households, compared with 25% of white children.
How does Modood (2004) show that class and ethnicity interact?
Modood argues that low income affects all ethnic groups, but its impact is less severe for Indian and Chinese students than for White British students.
True or False?
Chinese girls on free school meals have outperformed white girls not on them.
True.
In 2011, 86% of Chinese girls on FSM achieved five or more high-grade GCSEs, against 65% of white girls not on FSM, so material deprivation cannot be the whole explanation.
What did Gillborn (2015) say about the focus on white working-class failure?
Gillborn argued that focusing on white working-class underachievement can be used to downplay racism.
Define systemic racism.
Systemic racism, also known as institutional racism, is racism embedded into the laws, policies, practices and structures of a society, causing ongoing disadvantage for certain ethnic groups.
According to Rex (1986), how does racism worsen material deprivation?
Rex found that racism leads to social exclusion, e.g. poorer housing and job prospects, which worsens material deprivation.
Mason (2000) argues that racial ...................... continues to disadvantage minorities.
Mason (2000) argues that racial discrimination continues to disadvantage minorities.
According to Gillborn and Youdell (2000), how are Black boys often labelled?
Gillborn and Youdell found that Black boys are often labelled as disruptive or threatening, even when their behaviour is similar to white students.
How did Asian pupils in Wright (1992) feel about class discussions?
Asian pupils in Wright's study felt they weren't allowed to participate fully in class discussions.
True or False?
Gillborn (2008) argued that Chinese and Indian pupils are seen as 'ideal students'.
True.
Gillborn argued that teachers label them this way because of their positive attitudes towards school.
Wright (1992) found that teachers tended to see Asian girls as ...................... or too compliant.
Wright (1992) found that teachers tended to see Asian girls as passive or too compliant.
How did the Black girls in Fuller (1984) respond to negative labels?
The Black girls in Fuller's study rejected negative labels by working hard and achieving, without conforming to school rules.
Why was the strategy of the girls in Mirza (1992) unsuccessful?
The strategy was unsuccessful because being selective in their classroom participation limited their progress.
Who were the innovators in Sewell's (1997) typology?
The innovators were Black boys who were pro-education but anti-school.
True or False?
Sewell (1997) found that most Black boys identified as rebels.
False.
Only a small minority identified as rebels, yet teachers tend to see all Black boys in this way, which contributes to their underachievement.
According to Archer (2008), what is a pathologised pupil?
A pathologised pupil is seen as Asian, feminine and conformist, achieving through hard work rather than natural ability.
Define institutional racism.
Institutional racism is hidden, unconscious and unintended discrimination embedded in admissions, marketing, the curriculum and staffing.
How does critical race theory view racism in education?
Critical race theory views racism as a deep-rooted, self-perpetuating feature of the education system itself.
Which pupils are over-represented among those written off by educational triage?
Black pupils, especially Black Caribbean boys, are over-represented in the written-off, 'no-hope' group.
What did Tikly (2006) find about tier entry decisions?
Tikly found that teacher decisions to enter students for Higher or Foundation tier GCSEs resulted in ethnic inequalities in achievement.
Define ethnocentric curriculum.
An ethnocentric curriculum is one that reflects white British culture, e.g. literature, music and history that focus on white European narratives (Coard, 2005).
Ranson (2005) claims that school governing bodies are disproportionately ................, middle-aged and middle-class.
Ranson (2005) claims that school governing bodies are disproportionately white, middle-aged and middle-class.
True or False?
Indian and Chinese pupils' success shows that schools are uniformly racist.
False.
Because Indian and Chinese pupils often outperform White British pupils, their success challenges the idea that schools are uniformly racist against all minorities.
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