Family Diversity (AQA A Level Sociology): Flashcards
Exam code: 7192
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Define household.
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Define household.
A household is one person living alone or a group of people living together at the same address.
Why do sociologists use the term 'families'?
Sociologists use the term 'families' because there is no single, universal definition of the family, given its diverse forms.
Define beanpole family.
A beanpole family is a multi-generational extended family with fewer children per generation, linked to longer life expectancy and lower birth rates.
True or False?
Modified extended families live together in one household.
False.
Modified extended families live apart but maintain regular contact and mutual support.
Female-headed households including dependent children and sometimes grandmothers are ...................... families.
Female-headed households including dependent children and sometimes grandmothers are matrifocal families.
Define dual-career family.
A dual-career family is a nuclear family in which both parents are in paid employment.
Why are more older women living alone?
More older women are living alone because increased life expectancy means they often outlive their partners and live alone after the death of a partner.
Define living apart together.
Living apart together is when people are in a significant relationship but are not married or cohabiting.
What did Roseneil and Budgeon (2004) find about friends?
Roseneil and Budgeon found that friends were often more supportive than kin, especially during mental health struggles or relationship breakdowns.
True or False?
Friends have replaced family as the main source of support for most people.
False.
Many people still rely on family as a primary source of support, with friends complementing rather than replacing family ties.
How can male unemployment contribute to lone parenthood among Black families?
Male unemployment can contribute to lone parenthood among Black families because Black men may struggle to support their families financially, which can lead to relationship breakdown.
What did Ballard (1982) find about extended families among Asian migrants?
Ballard found that extended family ties provided crucial support for Asian migrants in the 1950s and 1960s, with several generations sharing a house.
True or False?
Extended families among Asian migrants are explained only by cultural values.
False.
Practical factors, such as the need for mutual assistance during early migration, also played a role.
The Asian extended family has evolved into the 'modified' or '......................' extended family.
The Asian extended family has evolved into the 'modified' or 'dispersed' extended family.
How are British Asian families often perceived, according to Qureshi et al. (2015)?
British Asian families are often perceived as traditional, with low rates of divorce and lone-parent families.
What did Rapoport and Rapoport (1982) argue about the nuclear family?
Rapoport and Rapoport argued that the nuclear family is no longer dominant, as society now features five types of family diversity.
The Rapoports' ...................... diversity refers to variations in family roles and structures, e.g. dual-career families.
The Rapoports' organisational diversity refers to variations in family roles and structures, e.g. dual-career families.
What did Cheal (1993) argue about family structure in postmodern society?
Cheal argued that in chaotic postmodern society there is no single, dominant, stable family structure.
Define divorce-extended family.
A divorce-extended family is a kin network linked by divorce rather than marriage, often female-led and including ex-in-laws, as identified by Stacey (1998).
Who does Stacey (1998) argue has benefited most from greater family choice?
Stacey argues that greater choice has benefited women, letting them escape patriarchy and build families that suit them.
True or False?
Morgan (2011) argues that sociologists should generalise about 'the family'.
False.
Morgan argues we cannot generalise about 'the family'; sociologists should study how people create their own diverse family lives.
Define pure relationship.
A pure relationship is one based on love and emotional satisfaction rather than tradition or duty, which lasts only as long as it meets individual needs (Giddens, 1992).
How are roles decided in Beck's negotiated family?
In Beck's negotiated family, roles are negotiated through personal choice rather than set by tradition, which makes families more fragile.
Why is the individualisation thesis criticised?
The individualisation thesis is criticised because it exaggerates choice and ignores the constraints of class, gender and culture.
How does the New Right argue that welfare benefits contribute to family decline?
The New Right argues that benefits create a 'dependency culture' that discourages marriage and male responsibility.
True or False?
The New Right sees equality laws as strengthening the breadwinner/homemaker model.
False.
The New Right sees laws such as the Equal Pay Act as weakening the breadwinner/homemaker model and so the nuclear family.
Why does Parsons argue the nuclear family best fits industrial society?
Parsons argues it fits best because it performs primary socialisation, stabilises adult personalities and is mobile enough to suit a changing economy.
Define neo-conventional family.
The neo-conventional family is Chester's (1985) term for a dual-earner nuclear family in which both partners play an instrumental role.
What does Chester (1985) argue about claims of family diversity?
Chester argues that diversity is overstated, as most people still aspire to the nuclear family even if they experience other forms at times.
Why do Marxist feminists argue the nuclear family persists?
Marxist feminists argue it persists because capitalism needs it to reproduce and maintain a disciplined workforce cheaply.
What does the life cycle approach argue about the nuclear family?
The life cycle approach argues that most people will live in a nuclear family at some stage in their lives, so it remains central.
Even when people live in other arrangements, the nuclear family remains the ...................... ideal that many aspire to.
Even when people live in other arrangements, the nuclear family remains the normative ideal that many aspire to.
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