Peacemaking (AQA GCSE History: Wider World Depth Study (Paper 1: Section B)): Flashcards
Exam code: 8145
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- FrontThe Armistice
Define armistice.
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Cards in this collection (72)
Define armistice.
An armistice is an agreement by both sides to stop fighting while a peace treaty is negotiated.
On what date and at what time was the armistice ending the First World War signed?
The armistice ending the First World War was signed on 11th November 1918 at 11 am.
One of the first actions of Germany's government was to surrender to the Allies.
One of the first actions of Germany's Weimar government was to surrender to the Allies.
Which three nations' representatives signed the armistice?
The armistice was signed by the representatives of France, Great Britain and Germany.
True or False?
The armistice was a permanent peace settlement.
False.
It only ensured temporary peace until a formal peace treaty was signed.
Why did Germany's government have little choice but to end the war?
Germany's government had little choice but to end the war because it was experiencing civil unrest and its economy was collapsing.
How long after the armistice did the Allies and Germany sign the Treaty of Versailles?
The Allies and Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles around six months after the armistice.
Under the armistice, Germany had to remove all troops from the West of the within 14 days.
Under the armistice, Germany had to remove all troops from the West of the Rhine within 14 days.
How many machine guns was Germany forced to give up under the armistice?
Under the armistice, Germany was forced to give up 25,000 machine guns.
What was the effect of Germany giving up its heavy weapons under the armistice?
The effect of Germany giving up its heavy weapons was that it lacked the technology to restart fighting with the Allies.
Approximately how many military deaths did the First World War cause?
The First World War caused approximately 8.5 million military deaths.
Define Western Front.
The Western Front was the line of trench warfare in Belgium and France where much of the First World War's fighting took place.
Define the Big Three.
The Big Three were the leaders of the USA, France and Great Britain who made the most important decisions at the Paris Peace Conference.
Who were the three leaders that made up the Big Three?
The Big Three were Georges Clemenceau (France), Woodrow Wilson (USA) and David Lloyd George (Great Britain).
The meeting to create the peace treaties was called the Peace Conference.
The meeting to create the peace treaties was called the Paris Peace Conference.
In which month and year did discussions begin at the Palace of Versailles?
Discussions began at the Palace of Versailles in January 1919.
What was the name of Woodrow Wilson's plan for a lasting peace?
Woodrow Wilson's plan for a lasting peace was called the Fourteen Points.
Define self-determination.
Self-determination is the idea that all national groups should have their own country.
Why did Clemenceau want to weaken Germany?
Clemenceau wanted to weaken Germany to ensure France's security so Germany could never threaten or invade France again.
True or False?
Wilson wanted Germany to pay high reparations.
False.
Wilson wanted to avoid blaming Germany and did not want it to pay high reparations.
What kind of treaty did Clemenceau want?
Clemenceau wanted a harsh treaty.
Lloyd George had won an election on the promise that he would 'make Germany '.
Lloyd George had won an election on the promise that he would 'make Germany pay'.
Why did Wilson and Lloyd George want Germany to stay economically strong?
Wilson and Lloyd George wanted Germany to stay economically strong because a strong, prosperous Germany would help rebuild Europe and trade with them.
Which German industrial region did Clemenceau want given to France to rebuild its economy?
Clemenceau wanted the Saar Basin given to France to rebuild its economy.
To how many men was Germany's army restricted under the Treaty of Versailles?
Under the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's army was restricted to 100,000 men.
Article 231, the ' Clause', forced Germany to accept responsibility for starting the First World War.
Article 231, the 'War Guilt Clause', forced Germany to accept responsibility for starting the First World War.
Define demilitarised.
Demilitarised describes an area where a country is not allowed to station any soldiers, as happened to the Rhineland.
How much were Germany's reparations set at under the Treaty of Versailles?
Germany's reparations were set at 132 billion gold marks (£6.6 billion) under the Treaty of Versailles.
Which term of the treaty created the most anger among the German population?
The term that created the most anger among the German population was the War Guilt Clause (Article 231).
True or False?
Germany was allowed to have an air force under the Treaty of Versailles.
False.
Germany was not allowed to have an air force.
Define Anschluss.
Anschluss was the union between Germany and Austria, which was forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles.
What territorial compromise did Clemenceau accept over the Rhineland?
Over the Rhineland, Clemenceau accepted that it was demilitarised rather than given to France.
Which of Wilson's aims did he abandon because of Britain's naval supremacy?
Because of Britain's naval supremacy, Wilson abandoned his aim of free navigation (freedom) of the seas.
Lloyd George had won the 1918 election on the campaign to 'make Germany '.
Lloyd George had won the 1918 election on the campaign to 'make Germany pay'.
Why did the USA not want revenge on Germany?
The USA did not want revenge on Germany because it joined the war late in 1917, no fighting occurred on US soil, and it suffered fewer casualties.
What was created by Germany losing Posen and West Prussia to give Poland access to the sea?
Germany losing Posen and West Prussia to give Poland access to the sea created the 'Polish Corridor'.
Define diktat.
A diktat was a dictated peace; the name Germans gave the Treaty of Versailles because they were forced to accept its terms without negotiation.
Define dolchstoss.
Dolchstoss was the 'stab in the back' myth that German politicians had betrayed the country by signing the Treaty of Versailles.
What name was given to the German politicians who signed the armistice and the treaty?
The German politicians who signed the armistice and the treaty were given the name the 'November Criminals'.
The Treaty of Versailles took force on 10th January .
The Treaty of Versailles took force on 10th January 1920.
True or False?
The US Senate ratified the Treaty of Versailles.
False.
The Senate refused to ratify it, so the USA did not join the League of Nations.
Why were many French people unhappy with the Treaty of Versailles?
Many French people were unhappy with the Treaty of Versailles because they believed it was not harsh enough on Germany.
Which British leader was hailed as a hero over the Treaty of Versailles?
The British leader hailed as a hero over the Treaty of Versailles was David Lloyd George.
Define isolationist.
An isolationist is someone who wants their country to focus on its own problems rather than get involved in foreign conflicts.
In what year did Clemenceau resign as Prime Minister of France?
Clemenceau resigned as Prime Minister of France in 1920.
Which clause of the treaty did Germans find most unfair because it blamed them entirely for the war?
Germans found the War Guilt Clause most unfair because it blamed them entirely for the war.
Because of territorial losses, around million Germans were forced to live in other countries.
Because of territorial losses, around 6 million Germans were forced to live in other countries.
Why was Clemenceau unhappy with the treaty?
Clemenceau was unhappy with the treaty because he felt Germany's reparations were not high enough and that Germany was allowed to remain too strong.
With which country was the Treaty of St Germain signed?
The Treaty of St Germain was signed with Austria.
With which country was the Treaty of Neuilly signed?
The Treaty of Neuilly was signed with Bulgaria.
With which country was the Treaty of Trianon signed?
The Treaty of Trianon was signed with Hungary.
With which empire was the Treaty of Sevres signed?
The Treaty of Sevres was signed with the Ottoman Empire (Türkiye).
The Treaty of St Germain limited Austria to troops.
The Treaty of St Germain limited Austria to 30,000 troops.
How much of its land did Hungary lose under the Treaty of Trianon?
Under the Treaty of Trianon, Hungary lost two-thirds of its land (and a third of its population).
True or False?
The Treaty of St Germain forbade Anschluss between Austria and Germany.
True.
The Treaty of St Germain forbade Anschluss between Austria and Germany.
What new treaty replaced the Treaty of Sevres in 1923?
The Treaty of Sevres was replaced in 1923 by the Treaty of Lausanne.
Define Magyars.
Magyars were ethnic Hungarians, many of whom were forced to live outside Hungary after the Treaty of Trianon.
Under the Treaty of Neuilly, the Allies later cancelled % of Bulgaria's reparation bill.
Under the Treaty of Neuilly, the Allies later cancelled 75% of Bulgaria's reparation bill.
Under the Treaty of Sevres, which important waterway did Türkiye lose control of?
Under the Treaty of Sevres, Türkiye lost control of the Dardanelles Strait.
What did the Treaty of Lausanne return to Türkiye?
The Treaty of Lausanne returned to Türkiye land in Europe, control of the Dardanelles Strait, and removal of reparations and army restrictions.
Name one key organisation created by the Versailles Settlement to help keep peace.
One key organisation created by the Versailles Settlement to help keep peace was the League of Nations.
Which harsh 1918 treaty had Germany imposed on Russia, showing Versailles could have been harsher?
The harsh 1918 treaty Germany imposed on Russia, showing Versailles could have been harsher, was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk forced Russia to give up around million square miles of land.
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk forced Russia to give up around 1 million square miles of land.
Why did Wilson and Lloyd George argue to keep Germany as a country?
Wilson and Lloyd George argued to keep Germany as a country to act as a barrier against the spread of communism.
True or False?
The Versailles Settlement was applied more harshly to Germany than the other Central Powers.
True.
The Versailles Settlement was applied more harshly to Germany than the other Central Powers.
What happened to Austria's and Hungary's reparations, unlike Germany's?
Unlike Germany's, Austria's and Hungary's reparations were cancelled due to economic crashes.
What did France and Belgium do in 1923 because Germany could not pay reparations?
In 1923, because Germany could not pay reparations, France and Belgium invaded the Ruhr.
What economic crisis did the invasion of the Ruhr cause in Germany?
The invasion of the Ruhr caused a hyperinflation crisis in Germany.
Define reparations.
Reparations are payments a defeated country makes to the victors to cover the damage caused by the war.
How did excluding Germany from the League and imposing foreign rule affect it?
Excluding Germany from the League and imposing foreign rule isolated Germany and increased support for extremist groups like the Nazis.
The USA not being a member weakened the power of the of Nations.
The USA not being a member weakened the power of the League of Nations.
How is the Versailles Settlement overall best remembered, according to the revision note?
According to the revision note, the Versailles Settlement is overall best remembered as an ambitious but flawed effort to create peace.
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