Why might a programmer write a program to process a very large dataset instead of doing it by hand?
Processing by hand is impossible for any dataset
A program guarantees the data will contain no errors of any kind
A program can automate repeatable steps, processing the data far faster and more reliably
A program removes the need to decide what question to answer
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Which two of the following are common tools or techniques for extracting information from data? Select two answers.
Compiling a program's source code into an executable
Spreadsheet software for sorting and performing calculations
Data visualization such as charts and graphs
Encrypting network traffic between two servers
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A program keeps only the records from the current year and removes all older entries from a dataset. Which extraction process is this?
Visualize
Transform
Combine
Filter
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A program merges customer records from an online store and a physical shop into one dataset. Which extraction process is this?
Combine
Filter
Transform
Visualize
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A program takes sales data from two branches, joins them into one table, then removes any transaction under $5. Which two processes are used, in order?
Filter, then combine
Combine, then filter
Transform, then visualize
Filter, then visualize
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In the context of data analysis, what is an insight?
The metadata attached to a file
A single raw value before it has been processed
A meaningful conclusion or understanding that emerges from analysing data
The number of bits used to store a value
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A program groups shoppers into segments based on similarities it discovers, without using any predefined categories. Which data processing technique is this?
Cleaning
Classifying
Filtering
Clustering
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A program sorts incoming support tickets into the existing categories "billing", "technical", and "general". Which data processing technique is this?
Classifying
Clustering
Combining
Sampling
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Why is recognising patterns considered the primary goal of data analysis?
Patterns reduce the number of bits needed to store the data
Patterns turn raw data into actionable insights that support decisions
Patterns automatically encrypt the data for security
Patterns convert digital data back into analog data
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A program takes a dataset in which every date is written in the format DD/MM/YYYY and rewrites all of them in the format YYYY-MM-DD so they can be sorted consistently. Which extraction process does this describe?
Transform
Filter
Combine
Visualize
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A charity has a spreadsheet of the total donations received in each month of the year. It wants to present the data so that the months with the highest and lowest donations stand out at a glance. Which tool or technique is most appropriate?
Encrypting the spreadsheet file
Producing a bar chart of donations by month
Compiling the spreadsheet into an executable
Compressing the file to save storage
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A researcher has a dataset of 8,000 survey responses and wants to answer the question "How did respondents aged 18 to 25 rate the service?" What should the program do first to focus the analysis on the relevant records?
Visualize every response as a chart
Transform each rating onto a different scale
Filter the dataset to keep only responses from ages 18 to 25
Combine the dataset with an unrelated dataset
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A program reads a list of every runner's finishing time from a race and reports the single fastest time. Which extraction process does finding the fastest time represent?
Filter
Transform
Visualize
Combine or compare
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A weather dataset contains some temperature readings entered as "N/A" and others with obvious typing errors, such as "2O" instead of "20". Before any analysis, a program corrects these entries and standardises their format. Which data processing technique does this describe?
Cleaning
Filtering
Clustering
Combining
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A weather service collects readings from two separate station networks. Its program merges the readings into one dataset, converts every temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius, and finally produces a colour-coded map of average temperatures. Which of the following lists the three extraction processes used, in order?
Filter, transform, visualize
Combine, transform, visualize
Transform, combine, filter
Combine, filter, visualize
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A data scientist filters a dataset, studies a chart of the result, adjusts the filter, and studies a new chart, repeating this cycle several times until a clear trend appears. This repeated cycle of examining and refining the data best illustrates which idea?
Data is always processed in a single pass
Visualization must always happen before any filtering
Programs are used iteratively and interactively to gain insight
Cleaning and filtering are the same process
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A website owner wants to know which day of the week brings the most visitors, using a full log of visits recorded over the past year. Which approach would most efficiently reveal this pattern?
Manually reading through every log entry by hand
Encrypting the log file for security
Deleting the log to save storage space
Using a program to total visits per day and chart the results
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