What is intellectual property?
The physical hardware a computer is made from
Creations of the mind, such as written works, software, music, images, and videos
The electricity used to run a device
The Internet connection a user pays for
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What is plagiarism?
Writing entirely original work from scratch
Using material created by someone else without permission and presenting it as one's own
Crediting the original creator of a source
Encrypting a document before sharing it
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Which of the following is a common safeguard used to protect digital intellectual property from unauthorized use?
Digital rights management (DRM), watermarks, and licensing agreements
Defragmenting the hard drive regularly
Increasing the screen resolution of the display
Compressing files to reduce their size
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A developer modifies an open-source library whose license requires derivative works to stay open. What must the developer do when distributing the modified version?
Charge a fee to everyone who downloads the modified version
Make the modified source code available under the same open terms
Keep the modified source code secret from all other users
Delete the original library from every computer that used it
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Which of the following is an example of a computing innovation causing ethical or social harm?
A platform spreading misinformation that influences public opinion
A spreadsheet totaling a column of numbers correctly
A word processor checking a document for spelling errors
A calculator app adding two numbers together
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Which statement best reflects how a single computing innovation can raise ethical concerns?
An innovation is always harmful once it is released to the public
An innovation can only ever benefit the people who use it
The same innovation that helps many people can also harm others, depending on how it is used and by whom
An innovation has no ethical implications once it is widely adopted
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A smart home device continuously monitors user activity in the home. According to ethical guidance in computing, which question should its designers ask?
How many colors can the device's indicator light display?
How heavy is the device when it is shipped to customers?
How loud is the device's start-up sound?
Is the device used in ways that respect individual rights and privacy?
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By default, who controls how a piece of work created on a computer may be copied and distributed?
The company that made the computer used
Anyone who finds the work online
The creator, through copyright, unless the work is licensed otherwise
No one, because digital work has no owner
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An open-source software license commonly grants which of the following?
Permission to use the code only if it is never shared
A guarantee that the code can never be changed
A requirement to pay a fee for each copy made
The right to freely use, modify, and share the code, often requiring derivative works to stay open
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When reusing someone else's work in a project, why is attribution important?
It is optional as long as the work was found online
It is only needed when the work is copied exactly, never when adapted
It is a legal and ethical requirement to credit the original creator, whatever the license type
It replaces the need to follow the license conditions
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Who shares responsibility for considering the ethical implications of a computing innovation?
No one, because computing is neutral
Only the government that regulates technology
Only the single programmer who wrote the first version
Programmers, organizations, and users all share responsibility
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A designer uses a photo released under a Creative Commons license that requires attribution and share-alike. What must the designer do when they publish their own work that incorporates the photo?
Keep their finished work private so no one else can reuse it
Credit the original photographer and release their finished work under the same share-alike terms
Remove any mention of the photographer to claim full ownership
Pay a royalty to the photographer for each view of the work
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An academic research paper is published so that anyone can read and use it online, free of most restrictions on access and use. Which model does this describe?
Digital rights management
Copyright with all rights reserved
Open access
A commercial subscription license
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A photographer posts original photos on their website with no license granting reuse. Another person downloads the photos and sells printed copies for profit. This is best described as which of the following?
Copyright infringement, because the photos are the photographer's intellectual property and were used without permission
Fair use, because the photos were already publicly visible online
Open access, because the photos could be downloaded
Attribution, because the seller acknowledged where the photos came from
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A fitness app continuously records users' location data and shares it with advertisers without clearly informing users. Which ethical concern does this most directly raise?
The app uses too much battery power on the device
The app takes too long to synchronize with the server
The app does not respect users' privacy or obtain informed consent for how their data is used
The app's interface is difficult for new users to navigate
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A social media platform analyzes users' browsing behavior to show content designed to keep them scrolling for as long as possible. Which of the following is the most relevant ethical concern?
The platform may load images at a lower resolution to save data
The platform may use more than one programming language
The platform may require users to create an account
The platform may harm users' wellbeing by exploiting their behavior to maximize engagement
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A musician releases a track under a Creative Commons license that requires attribution and permits non-commercial use only. A podcast wants to use the track in a paid, sponsored episode. What does the license mean for them?
They cannot use it in a commercial episode without seeking different permission, because the license is non-commercial
They may use it freely because Creative Commons places no conditions on use
They may use it commercially as long as they do not credit the musician
They must delete the track after listening once
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A company designs an app deliberately engineered to keep children using it for many hours a day. Which question best captures the main ethical concern?
Who benefits and who might be harmed by the design?
How quickly does the app load on a phone?
Which programming language was used to build it?
How much storage space does the app take up?
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A student wants to reuse two resources. Resource 1 has no license stated, and Resource 2 is shared under a Creative Commons license that permits reuse with attribution. Which statement is correct?
Both resources may be reused freely without any conditions
Neither resource may be reused under any circumstances
Resource 1 may be reused with attribution, but Resource 2 requires paid permission
Resource 1 is protected by copyright by default and needs permission, while Resource 2 may be reused with attribution
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A hiring company uses an algorithm trained on its past employees to rank job applicants. The algorithm consistently scores applicants from certain groups lower. Which ethical concern does this best illustrate?
The algorithm runs too slowly to process all applicants
The algorithm can amplify existing inequalities through biased decisions
The algorithm uses too much memory when it runs
The algorithm is written in an outdated programming language
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