What is intellectual property?
The physical hardware a computer is made from
Creations of the mind, such as written works, software, music, images, and videos
The electricity used to run a device
The Internet connection a user pays for
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What is plagiarism?
Writing entirely original work from scratch
Using material created by someone else without permission and presenting it as one's own
Crediting the original creator of a source
Encrypting a document before sharing it
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Which of the following is an example of a computing innovation causing ethical or social harm?
A platform spreading misinformation that influences public opinion
A spreadsheet totaling a column of numbers correctly
A word processor checking a document for spelling errors
A calculator app adding two numbers together
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Which statement best reflects how a single computing innovation can raise ethical concerns?
An innovation is always harmful once it is released to the public
An innovation can only ever benefit the people who use it
The same innovation that helps many people can also harm others, depending on how it is used and by whom
An innovation has no ethical implications once it is widely adopted
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A smart home device continuously monitors user activity in the home. According to ethical guidance in computing, which question should its designers ask?
How many colors can the device's indicator light display?
How heavy is the device when it is shipped to customers?
How loud is the device's start-up sound?
Is the device used in ways that respect individual rights and privacy?
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An illustrator wants other people to be free to share their drawings and to build new work from them, without having to ask permission each time. Which of the following lets the illustrator do this?
Releasing the drawings under a Creative Commons license
Saving the drawings in a compressed file format
Posting the drawings online with no license stated
Storing the drawings on a private drive that only the illustrator can open
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By default, who controls how a piece of work created on a computer may be copied and distributed?
The company that made the computer used
Anyone who finds the work online
The creator, through copyright, unless the work is licensed otherwise
No one, because digital work has no owner
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An open-source software license commonly grants which of the following?
Permission to use the code only if it is never shared
A guarantee that the code can never be changed
A requirement to pay a fee for each copy made
The right to freely use, modify, and share the code
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When reusing someone else's work in a project, why is attribution important?
It is optional as long as the work was found online
It is only needed when the work is copied exactly, never when adapted
It is a legal and ethical requirement to credit the original creator, whatever the license type
It replaces the need to follow the license conditions
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Who shares responsibility for considering the ethical implications of a computing innovation?
Programmers, because they write the code that determines how the innovation functions
Programmers and organizations, because no single programmer can foresee every way an innovation will be used
Users, because they are the ones who choose to apply the innovation in new ways
Organizations, because they decide how the innovation is marketed and sold
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An academic research paper is published so that anyone can read and use it online, free of most restrictions on access and use. Which model does this describe?
Digital rights management
Copyright with all rights reserved
Open access
A commercial subscription license
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A photographer posts original photos on their website with no license granting reuse. Another person downloads the photos and sells printed copies for profit.
This is best described as which of the following?
Copyright infringement, because the photos are the photographer's intellectual property and were used without permission
Open source, because the file could be redistributed
Open access, because the photos could be downloaded
Attribution, because the seller acknowledged where the photos came from
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A fitness app continuously records users' location data and shares it with advertisers without clearly informing users. Which ethical concern does this most directly raise?
The app uses too much battery power on the device
The app takes too long to synchronize with the server
The app does not respect users' privacy or obtain informed consent for how their data is used
The app's interface is difficult for new users to navigate
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A social media platform analyzes users' browsing behavior to show content designed to keep them scrolling for as long as possible. Which of the following is the most relevant ethical concern?
The platform may load images at a lower resolution to save data
The platform may use more than one programming language
The platform may require users to create an account
The platform may harm users' well-being by exploiting their behavior to maximize engagement
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What has been the main effect of Creative Commons, open source, and open access?
They have removed copyright protection from all digital material
They have made it necessary to pay a fee before reusing any online material
They have enabled broad access to digital information
They have prevented digital works from being modified by anyone other than their creator
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Why has the ease of copying and sharing digital files made intellectual property harder to protect than a physical object?
Digital files lose quality each time they are copied, so the original cannot be identified
Digital files stop being owned by anyone once they have been published online
Digital files are protected by copyright only while they remain on the creator's own device
Digital files can be copied exactly and shared worldwide at almost no cost, raising questions of ownership, value, and use
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A company designs an app deliberately engineered to keep children using it for many hours a day.
Which question best captures the main ethical concern?
Who benefits and who might be harmed by the design?
Did the company obtain consent before collecting children's data?
Is the app's design consistent with the company's other products?
How does the app's engagement compare to competitors' apps?
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A student wants to reuse two resources. Resource 1 has no license stated, and Resource 2 is shared under a Creative Commons license that permits reuse with attribution. Which statement is correct?
Both resources may be reused freely without any conditions
Neither resource may be reused under any circumstances
Resource 1 may be reused with attribution, but Resource 2 requires paid permission
Resource 1 is protected by copyright by default and needs permission, while Resource 2 may be reused with attribution
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A hiring company uses an algorithm trained on its past employees to rank job applicants. The algorithm consistently scores applicants from certain groups lower.
Which ethical concern does this best illustrate?
The algorithm is a "black box" whose decisions cannot be explained to applicants
The algorithm can amplify existing inequalities through biased training data
The algorithm collects more personal data from applicants than it needs
The algorithm's ranking logic was designed without any input from HR staff
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A student copies several paragraphs from an article into a report and lists the article in their references. The article's license does not permit it to be reproduced.
Which statement about what the student has done is correct?
Citing the article is enough on its own, because the source has been acknowledged
Citing the article avoids plagiarism, but reproducing it still needs permission the license does not give
No citation was needed, because the article had already been published online
The license applies only to the whole article, so copying part of it needs no permission
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